Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder最新文献

{"title":"At a Juncture: Exploring Patterns and Trends in FASD Prevention Research from 2015 – 2021 Using the Four-Part Model of Prevention","authors":"Lindsay Wolfson, Nancy Poole, Kelly D. Harding, Julie Stinson","doi":"10.22374/jfasd.v4isp1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/jfasd.v4isp1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: FASD prevention efforts have been expanded in the last 25 years to go beyond the moral panic that guided early public awareness campaigns and policy responses. In Canada, a Four-Part Model of FASD Prevention has been developed and used that describes a continuum of multi-sectoral efforts for women, girls, children, and their support networks, including broad awareness campaigns, safe and respectful conversations around pregnancy and alcohol use, and holistic and wraparound support services for pregnant and postpartum women with alcohol and other health and social concerns. The purpose of this article is to describe the state of the evidence on FASD prevention from 2015 – 2021, including the prevalence and influences on alcohol use during pregnancy, interventions at each of the four levels of the Four-Part Model, as well as systemic, destigmatizing, and ethical considerations. \u0000 Materials and Methods: Using EBSCO Host, seven academic databases were annually searched for articles related to FASD prevention from 2015 – 2021. English language articles were screened for relevance to alcohol use in pregnancy and FASD prevention. Using outlined procedures for thematic analysis, the findings were categorized within the following key themes: prevalence and influences on women’s drinking; Level 1 prevention; Level 2 prevention; Level 3 prevention; Level 4 prevention; and systemic, destigmatizing, and ethical considerations. \u0000Results: From January 2015 – December 2020 n = 532 articles were identified that addressed the prevalence and influences on alcohol use during pregnancy, interventions at each of the four levels, and systemic, destigmatizing, and ethical considerations. The most recent research on FASD prevention published in English was generated in the United States (US; n = 216, 40.6%), Canada (n = 91, 17.1%), the United Kingdom (UK; n = 60, 11.3%), and Australia (n = 58, 10.9%). However, there was an increase in studies published from other countries over the last six years. The literature heavily focused on prevalence and influences on alcohol use during pregnancy (n = 182, 34.2%), with an increase of prevalence research from countries outside of Canada, the US, Australia, and the UK, and on Level 2 prevention efforts (n = 174, 32.7%), specifically around the efficacy and implementation of brief interventions. Across Level 1 and Level 2 prevention efforts, there was an increase in literature published on the role of technology in supporting health promotion, education, screening, and brief interventions. Attention to Levels 3 and 4 demonstrated nuanced multi-service, trauma-informed, relational, and holistic approaches to supporting women and their children. However, efforts are needed to address stigma, which acted as a systemic barrier to care across each level of prevention. \u0000Conclusion: Research and practice on FASD prevention has continued to expand. Through our generated deductive themes, this review synthesized the","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121736686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Clinical Paediatric Assessment of Children and Adolescents Sentenced to Detention in Western Australia","authors":"R. Mutch, Jacinta Freeman, N. Kippin, Bernadette Safe, C. Pestell, Hayley M Passmore, Sharynne L. Hamilton, Helen Shield, E. Argiro, Candace Rainsford, C. Condon, Roslyn Gigilia, Rochelle E. Watkins, Rhonda Marriot, Carol Bower","doi":"10.22374/jfasd.v4i1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/jfasd.v4i1.22","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectivesTo describe the comprehensive clinical paediatric assessment of a representative sample of children and adolescents (young people) sentenced to detention in Western Australia (WA) and participating in the first Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) prevalence study. \u0000SettingsIndividuals with FASD have lifelong difficulties with memory, attention, communication, emotional reg-ulation and social skills with associated risk of engagement with juvenile justice. We found prevalence of FASD in 36% of young people sentenced to juvenile detention in WA. This paper describes the comprehensive clinical paediatric assessment of all young people participating in this study. \u0000ParticipantsAll young people aged 10–17 years 11 months and sentenced to detention in WA were eligible. All assess-ments were completed by a multidisciplinary team comprising a speech and language pathologist, occupational therapist, neuropsychologist and a paediatrician. \u0000ResultsIn all, 103 young people completed the comprehensive clinical paediatric assessment, with maximum num-ber of males (93%) and Aboriginal Australians (73%). One in two participants reported someone close to them, or themselves, having experienced a frightening event with associated symptoms of post-traumatic stress. One-third (36%) of participants had experienced suicide of a family member. Half of the young people had one or no parent (53%), an incarcerated sibling (44%) or an incarcerated family member (57%). One-fifth of participants talked about experiences of emotional neglect (20%), physical neglect (19%), physical abuse (21%) and suicidal ideation (18%). More than half (60%) of participants were 1 year or more behind their school-year grade according to their chronological age, and 73% reported waking tired. Polysubstance use was common, including cigarettes (82%), marijuana (76%), alcohol (66%) and methamphetamine (36%). Almost two-thirds (64%) had abnormal neuromotor findings, 47% reported head injury without hospitalisation, 38% had prior musculoskeletal injuries, 29% had impaired motor skills and 15% had abnormal visual fields. \u0000ConclusionComprehensive clinical paediatric assessment of young people sentenced to detention in WA found signif-icant psychosocial and physical difficulties. The findings of multiple and serious impairments and health issues, through completion of comprehensive clinical paediatric and multidisciplinary health and neuro-developmental assessments for this study, support their routine provision to all young people on entry to systems of juvenile justice.","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129960829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing local Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder diagnostic services and Models of Care in Australia","authors":"Kirsten R. Panton, James P Fitzpatrick, Deepa Jeyaseelan, Sarah Hill, C. Pestell","doi":"10.22374/jfasd.v4i1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/jfasd.v4i1.17","url":null,"abstract":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Recognition of FASD within Australia has continued to grow, particularly with the development of the Australian Diagnostic Guide, yet the availability of FASD-specific services continues to be limited. This paper presents the views and experiences of the six sites across Australia that were involved in developing a FASD Model of Care (MoC) in their local area. Each site completed an online survey that included forced-choice questions (e.g., ‘What challenges did you face with creating your Model of Care’) and free-text options (e.g., ‘Describe the process of establishing a FASD clinic at your site’). Follow-up interviews were completed with each site to ensure results were accurately captured. Eight key themes were revealed: 1) importance of the FASD Coordinator position, 2) clinicians’ attitudes impact clinic success, 3) MDT co-location as a contributor to success, 4) improved FASD awareness, 5) inadequate planning for local contexts, 6) developing local networks, 7) difficulty maintaining community engagement and 8) challenges with the Australian diagnostic guide.  These themes are discussed within the Australian FASD context, advocating for the need to expand and improve these service offerings.","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131493652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Professionals are the Preferred Source of Information on Alcohol Use in Pregnancy for Australian Women: A National Survey","authors":"Tracey W. Tsang, E. Peadon, C. Bower, H. D’Antoine, J. Payne, E. Elliott","doi":"10.22374/JFASRP.V3I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/JFASRP.V3I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background and ObjectivePrenatal alcohol exposure is a common preventable cause of intellectual disability, but alcohol useremains high during pregnancy. We identified where Australian women obtained information about alcohol during pregnancy, their preferred sources of information, and their perceptions of the role of health professionals in providing information. \u0000Materials and MethodsIn 2006, 1103 nonpregnant Australian women of childbearing age (18–45 years) were interviewed using computer-assisted telephone interview. Information about their actual and preferred sources of information about consuming alcohol during pregnancy and the perceived role of health professionals in pregnancy education were obtained.ResultsMost (99%) of the Australian women interviewed said information about the effects of consuming alcohol during pregnancy should be readily available, but only half had sighted any such information. Brochures were the most-sighted source (16%), followed by media programs/articles (13%). Women preferred health professionals (52%) as the best source of information, followed by television advertisements (12%). Health professional platforms (e.g., antenatal classes) were preferred by women who had previously given birth, while the Internet was preferred by nulliparous and Australian-born women. Message recall was associated with knowledge that alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, growth problems, and lifelong disabilities in a child (P < 0.05). Women agreed that health professionals should ask pregnant women about alcohol, advise how much alcohol consumption is safe during pregnancy, and advise pregnant women or those planning pregnancy to give up alcohol consumption.","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116139857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IX INTERNATIONAL MEETING of the Latin American Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism (LASBRA)","authors":"Lasbra","doi":"10.22374/JFASRP.V2I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/JFASRP.V2I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Activity organized by LASBRA executive committee, with the financial or logistical help of Secretaría de Prevención y Asistencia de las Adicciones (Gobierno de Córdoba), IBRO, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Instituto Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (Gobierno de Córdoba)","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129474352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Alcohol Use Disorders in Argentinean Pregnant Women","authors":"M. López, Aldana Lichtenberger, M. Cremonte","doi":"10.22374/JFASRP.V2I1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/JFASRP.V2I1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective \u0000High prenatal alcohol exposure, such as that presented by women with an alcohol use disorder (AUD), is related to severe adverse consequences such as fetal alcohol syndrome. Since most research on this topic comes from English speaking countries and is scarce in the Argentina, the aim of this study was to identify risk factors of AUD in Argentinean pregnant women. Predictors explored here included drinking alcohol, the use of other substances, and their accompanying motivational and socio-cultural characteristics. \u0000  \u0000Material and Methods \u0000A systematic probabilistic sample of 641 puerperal women from an Argentinean city were personally interviewed after giving birth. DSM-5 AUD was established through the International Composite Diagnostic Interview -CIDI-, socio-economic level with the Graffar-Méndez Castellano scale and socio-demographic and psycho-social variables through ad-hoc questions. We then estimated the prevalence of AUD among all women and current drinkers. To identify predictors of AUD we performed logistic regressions with AUD status (positive vs. negative) as the outcome; drinking and substance use variables (age of alcohol consumption onset, usual type of drink, tobacco use during pregnancy, any consumption of other illegal substances), family and living conditions (partner status, previous children, occupation-labor situation, education level, socioeconomic level) and age, the number of health checkups during pregnancy, and general attitude towards alcohol consumption while pregnant, as predictors. \u0000  \u0000Results \u0000The prevalence of AUD was 8%, and among current drinkers was 9.5%. The participants’ age, age of alcohol consumption onset, tobacco use during pregnancy, illegal substances use (ever), number of health checkups during pregnancy and general attitude towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy, showed a significant relationship with AUD. As age increased a positive diagnosis of AUD was less likely, while having started to drink before the age of 15 made it more likely. Moreover, if the woman had used tobacco during pregnancy, it was 147% more likely to meet AUD diagnostic criteria, and if she had ever used illegal substances, she was 381% more likely to have an AUD. Finally, a positive diagnosis of AUD was less likely among those who had a negative attitude towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy and among those who had more health checkups during pregnancy. Notwithstanding, in the general model, age, age of alcohol consumption onset and tobacco use during pregnancy were not significant as predictors, which suggests that their relationship with AUD is explained by factors common to the other variables of the model. \u0000  \u0000Conclusion \u0000Urgent action is needed in the region to prevent prenatal drinking, and pregnant women with an AUD should be the focus of distinct efforts. Interventions should target younger women, those who consume or have consumed illegal substances and those who maintain a more p","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122873972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Contraceptive Behaviour to Prevent Unintended Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies","authors":"N. Reid, Chun-Chi Chen, Anne Bernard, F. O'Callaghan","doi":"10.22374/JFASRP.V2I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/JFASRP.V2I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"  \u0000Materials and Methods \u0000Participants were recruited through the university research participation website where a link to an online survey was made available to first year undergraduate psychology students. The online questionnaire included questions on contraceptive and alcohol consumption behaviours in the past month, and questions that assessed participants’ knowledge and attitudes. A total of 106 participants were included in the current study. \u0000  \u0000Results \u0000The majority of participants reported using contraception when having sex in the past month. The most common form of contraceptive used was male condoms (~60%), followed by the oral contraceptive pill (~46%). There was a significant difference in one of the knowledge scales between the two contraceptive groups: participants who reported Never/Sometimes using contraception had higher knowledge of reproduction compared to those who reported using contraception more often. The proportion of participants who used contraception more frequently reported having more positive attitudes towards contraception compared to those who reported Never or Sometimes using contraception. \u0000  \u0000Conclusion \u0000Given the lifelong impacts that can be experienced for individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), prevention of unintended alcohol-exposed pregnancies is an area that requires serious attention. If the high prevalence rates of FASD are to be reduced, prevention needs to take place for people of reproductive age, particularly in Australia where we have high rates of unplanned pregnancies and a binge drinking culture.","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122599045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Isolated or Enriched Housing at Adolescence Upon Ethanol Intake and Anxiety Responses, In Rats Exposed to Prenatal Ethanol","authors":"Paula Di Doi, M. Fernández, Paola Soto, R. Pautassi","doi":"10.22374/JFASRP.V2I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/JFASRP.V2I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is highly prevalent worldwide, and can affect alcohol intake and anxiety responses in the offspring. It is still relatively unknown how PAE interacts with stress exposure at adolescence, and there is a scarcity of treatments to reduce the impact of PAE.  The present study assessed alcohol (ethanol) intake and anxiety responses after PAE and tested the modulation of these responses by different housing conditions during early adolescence. Pregnant dams were exposed for 22 hours/day, from gestational day 0, throughout pregnancy, and until postnatal day 7 (PD 7), to a single bottle of 10% ethanol that was mixed in tap water and sucralose (EtOH Group), or to a single bottle of tap water and sucralose (CTRL Group). During PDs 21-42 the offspring was exposed to standard pair housing, isolated housing or enriched housing. Immediately after, they were pair-housed and tested for ethanol intake in 24-hour access, intermittent 2-bottle choice sessions conducted over 4 weeks, and for anxiety responses in the light-dark box test. The EtOH offspring exhibited heightened anxiety (i.e., greater avoidance of the white area of the light-dark box) at PD21, when compared to control (CTRL) rats. Isolated housing induced greater avoidance of the white area, when compared to standard or enriched housing, on PDs 42 and 70. There were no significant EtOH versus CTRL differences in relative (i.e., percent preference vs. water) ethanol intake, yet overall fluid intake and absolute (g/kg) ethanol intake were significantly lower in EtOH versus CTRL rats. Enriched housing during adolescence had a suppressing effect upon absolute ethanol intake during the first week of testing, an effect more noticeable in CTRL than in PAE rats. The present study indicates that PAE or isolated housing is associated with an anxiety-like phenotype. The protracted PAE protocol here employed caused a generalized reduction of intake behaviours. Environmental enrichment was associated with a subtle, yet significant, reduction in absolute ethanol intake. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125591060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of the Motor Skills of Young People in a Youth Detention Centre with Diagnosed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Prenatal Alcohol Exposure, and a Reference Population","authors":"Bernadette Safe, A. Joosten, C. Bower, C. Condon, Rochelle E. Watkins, R. Mutch, R. Giglia","doi":"10.22374/JFASRP.V1I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/JFASRP.V1I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Materials and Methods: Participants completed the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2), Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) including its associated subtests, and a handwriting screen. \u0000Results: Ninety-nine young people (n=47 PAE; n= 36 FASD) with a mean age of 16 years were assessed. There was an association between a FASD diagnosis and lower scores on the VMI (p=0.005). Participants with FASD and PAE had higher impairment levels on the VMI compared to the No-PAE group. Mean MABC-2 scores were within age expected levels across all groups. More fine motor skill difficulties were observed compared to gross motor skill difficulties. Handwriting skills were below age expected levels in 84% of participants. Those in the PAE and FASD groups had more difficulty with letter formations and spatial awareness. \u0000Conclusions: Visual motor integration and handwriting skills were often impaired in this population. Lower VMI scores were more prevalent in participants diagnosed with FASD, and therefore should be routinely assessed as part of a diagnostic assessment. Assessment of fine and gross motor skills enabled recommendations for intervention support that address deficits and build upon strengths. Further research is needed to confirm these results using larger populations, and to investigate possible confounding factors associated with high VMI and handwriting difficulties in this population.","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114510887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waving a Magic Wand","authors":"J. Pepper, Kelly D. Harding, C. Bibr, Shelley L. Watson","doi":"10.22374/JFASRP.V1I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22374/JFASRP.V1I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: The purpose of this paper is to examine the experience of parents raising children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the middle childhood stage of development. Furthermore, this research investigates parents’ formal and informal support needs as they adapt to the demands of raising their children. \u0000Material and Methods: 26 parents of children with FASD and ASD who reside in Ontario, Canada completed the Family Resource Scale, the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Scales, and participated in semi-structured interviews informed by the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) model. \u0000Results: Using thematic analysis, three major themes were identified: (1) qualification for services and service availability; (2) formal supports and; (3) informal supports. The findings indicate that although there are services (e.g., respite care) available in Ontario, parents do not perceive there to be enough services to satisfy their family’s needs. \u0000Conclusion: This study demonstrates that supports need to be tailored to each child’s individual needs. ASD and FASD both occur on a spectrum, and available resources should reflect that diversity. Considerations and future directions for ASD and FASD related family research are discussed. \u0000Key Words: fetal alcohol spectrum disorder; autism spectrum disorder; mixed methods; families; support","PeriodicalId":237237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130212894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}