{"title":"Cognitive Training","authors":"K. Walhovd, A. Fjell, L. Nyberg","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199974467.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199974467.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter first emphasizes the need to acknowledge that there are multiple component processes of working memory. The authors also argue that the field needs a better account of what a training effect actually means. They discuss how to design training studies to allow for measurement of specificity and temporal aspects of effects. There is a need to delineate standard criteria for change, because they can be calculated in multiple ways, as the chapter discusses. Further, the authors stress that, in addition to being a vehicle for studying change, training effects can yield unique information about the state of the individual nervous system.","PeriodicalId":237102,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Working Memory Training","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116558913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Training Working Memory for 100 Days","authors":"F. Schmiedek, M. Lövdén, U. Lindenberger","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199974467.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199974467.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is based on a theoretical framework for the study of adult cognitive plasticity and on empirical findings from the COGITO Study. The design and analyses of the study include key features for producing and detecting transfer effects at the level of cognitive abilities. Among the features are: (a) an intensity and dosage of training that is likely to induce an enduring mismatch between functional supply and demand, which is conducive to plastic changes in cognitive abilities, and (b) a multivariate and heterogeneous battery of transfer tasks and sufficiently large samples to allow for the investigation of transfer of training at the level of latent factors. Younger adults showed short-term and long-term transfer effects for reasoning and episodic memory, whereas older adults showed only short-term transfer on a working memory (WM) latent factor composed of tasks that resembled the practiced tasks, something that younger adults did as well. The chapter discusses possible interpretations of the findings in terms of increases in WM capacity, improvements in the efficiency of material-independent or material-specific processes or strategies, and improvements in motivation and self-concept.","PeriodicalId":237102,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Working Memory Training","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125793021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Music Training","authors":"Brooke Okada, L. Slevc","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199974467.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199974467.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the possibility that music training could serve as a type of cognitive training. Music is an interesting potential avenue for cognitive training not only because music learning and processing are likely to draw heavily on executive function abilities, but also because musical experience has its own intrinsic rewards. This suggests that music training might serve as a particularly enjoyable and rewarding route to cognitive training. The authors describe some theoretical reasons to expect a strong relationship between executive function and music, describe the small body of work that has experimentally assessed the possibility that musical experience might transfer to executive function abilities, and finally recommend ways in which a music training program might strengthen cognitive abilities.","PeriodicalId":237102,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive and Working Memory Training","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114779823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}