Philip J Smith, David C Hoaglin, Michael P Battaglia, Meena Khare, Lawrence E Barker
{"title":"Statistical methodology of the National Immunization Survey, 1994-2002.","authors":"Philip J Smith, David C Hoaglin, Michael P Battaglia, Meena Khare, Lawrence E Barker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Since 1994 the National Immunization Survey (NIS) has monitored progress toward the Healthy People 2000 and 2010 vaccination goals. The NIS collects data in two phases: first, a random-digit-dialing (RDD) telephone survey to identify households with children 19-35 months old and, second, a mail survey to vaccination providers to obtain vaccination histories used to estimate vaccination coverage rates. This report reviews the methodologies used in the 1994-2002 NIS to obtain official estimates of vaccination coverage and describes the methodology used for the first three topical modules of the NIS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From 1994 to 1997 the NIS used a variation of a two-phase estimator to compensate for missing provider-reported vaccination histories. Between 1998 and 2001 a weighting-class estimator was used. In 2002 and thereafter the weighting-class approach was refined to account for households that do not have telephones and for unvaccinated children. To collect data on immunization-related topics, the NIS sample was randomized among three topical modules: health insurance and ability to pay for vaccinations (HIM); parental knowledge and experiences about vaccinations (PKM); and daycare attendance, breastfeeding practices, and participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (DCM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2001 among children with completed RDD interviews, 0.3 percent were entirely unvaccinated. Together, the new nontelephone adjustment and the refinement for unvaccinated children yielded revised estimates that were within 1.5 percentage points of the original estimates obtained using the 1998-2001 methodology. Over the six quarters during which the first three topical modules were fielded (from mid-2001 through 2002), 21,163 children were randomized to the HIM, 3576 to the PKM, and 3511 to the DCM.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 138","pages":"1-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25023346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen J Blumberg, Larry Osborn, Julian V Luke, Lorayn Olson, Martin R Frankel
{"title":"Estimating the prevalence of uninsured children: an evaluation of data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, 2001. Data evaluation and methods research.","authors":"Stephen J Blumberg, Larry Osborn, Julian V Luke, Lorayn Olson, Martin R Frankel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs revealed that 8.3% of children under 18 years of age were uninsured, a rate lower than the rate estimated by other national surveys. This report presents the results of an evaluation of the quality of this estimate, based on analyses of non-response, question design, interviewer and respondent effects, and the weighing and estimation process. National and State-level statistics on health insurance coverage for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and for children without special needs are included in an appendix.</p><p><strong>Source of data: </strong>The National Survey of CSHCN is a survey module of the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey. This survey of parents and guardians collected health insurance coverage information for a national sample of 215, 162 children. Data were collected from October 2000 through April 2002.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with other surveys, weighted data from the National Survey of CSHCN describe a population with a slightly larger proportion of Hispanic children and children from households with higher incomes. The National Survey of CSHCN was also the only survey to use a child-level design: A randomized experiment that varied the health insurance questions found that repeating the coverage questions for each child produced lower unisurance rates than household-level questions that first asked if anyone in the househol was insured.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Question design differences explain much of the discrepancy between survey estimates of the uninsurance rate, but a definitive conclusion regarding the relative accuracy of the uninsurance rates is not possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 136","pages":"i-vi, 1-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24202664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deborah D Ingram, Jennifer D Parker, Nathaniel Schenker, James A Weed, Brady Hamilton, Elizabeth Arias, Jennifer H Madans
{"title":"United States Census 2000 population with bridged race categories.","authors":"Deborah D Ingram, Jennifer D Parker, Nathaniel Schenker, James A Weed, Brady Hamilton, Elizabeth Arias, Jennifer H Madans","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objectives of this report are to document the methods developed at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) to bridge the Census 2000 multiple-race resident population to single-race categories and to describe the resulting bridged race resident population estimates.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data from the pooled 1997-2000 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) were used to develop models for bridging the Census 2000 multiple-race population to single-race categories. The bridging models included demographic and contextual covariates, some at the person-level and some at the county-level. Allocation probabilities were obtained from the regression models and applied to the Census Bureau's April 1, 2000, Modified Race Data Summary File population counts to assign multiple-race persons to single-race categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bridging has the most impact on the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) and Asian or Pacific Islander (API) populations, a small impact on the Black population and a negligible impact on the White population. For the United States as a whole, the AIAN, API, Black, and White bridged population counts are 12.0, 5.0, 2.5, and 0.5 percent higher than the corresponding Census 2000 single-race counts. At the sub-national level, there is considerably more variation than observed at the national level. The bridged single-race population counts have been used to calculate birth and death rates produced by NCHS for 2000 and 2001 and to revise previously published rates for the 1990s, 2000, and 2001. The bridging methodology will be used to bridge postcensal population estimates for later years. The bridged population counts presented here and in subsequent years may be updated as additional data become available for use in the bridging process.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 135","pages":"1-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24025362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P J Smith, J N Rao, M P Battaglia, T M Ezzati-Rice, D Daniels, M Khare
{"title":"Compensating for provider nonresponse using response propensities to form adjustment cells: the National Immunization Survey.","authors":"P J Smith, J N Rao, M P Battaglia, T M Ezzati-Rice, D Daniels, M Khare","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The National Immunization Survey (NIS) uses two phases of data collection to obtain vaccination information from a sample of young children: a random-digit-dialing (RDD) survey for identifying households with children 19-35 months of age, followed by a mail survey for obtaining provider-reported vaccination histories about these children. Provider-reported vaccination histories are used to estimate vaccination coverage rates. In 1998, provider-reported vaccination histories were not obtained for 32.9% of children with a completed RDD interview. This report describes the statistical methods adopted in 1998 to reduce the bias in vaccination coverage estimates that could result from \"vaccination history nonresponse,\" that is, differences between children for whom provider data was obtained and those for whom it was not obtained.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the methods adopted in 1998, children with completed NIS RDD interviews are grouped into adjustment cells defined by their propensity to have adequate provider data. Sampling weights of children with adequate provider data are divided by the cell-specific weighted response rate to allow these children to represent all children in the cell.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using an \"optimal\" number of cells, the overall extent of bias reduction was 0.5%, suggesting that provider nonresponse bias was small. Authoritative literature suggests using five cells. No statistically significant differences were observed in vaccination coverage estimates when comparing estimates based on the \"optimal\" number of cells with five cells. Thus, five adjustment cells are used to reduce provider nonresponse bias in the NIS vaccination coverage estimates. No substantively important differences were observed between estimates based on the methodology used prior to 1998 and the methodology adopted in 1998.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 133","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25025491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early childhood chronic illness: comparability of maternal reports and medical records.","authors":"J E Miller, D Gaboda, D Davis","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The research reported here seeks to quantitatively assess the comparability of two widely used sources of information on child health: maternal reports and medical records. The analysis provides a comparison of how well maternal reports and medical provider data agree on 15 types of chronic health conditions, ranging from specific illnesses such as asthma or sickle cell anemia to broader categories such as chronic heart or orthopedic conditions, to impairments such as vision, hearing, or speech problems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study uses data on a nationally representative sample of 6201 preschool aged children whose mothers participated in the 1991 Longitudinal Followup (LF) to the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) and whose identified health care providers supplied medical visit data for the children. The LF and NMIHS were conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with a number of other agencies of the Federal Government. In the 1991 LF survey, the mothers' questionnaire included questions on chronic and acute health conditions, accidents requiring medical attention, and hospital admissions for their children that had been included in the 1988 NMIHS. The mothers were also asked to grant NCHS permission to request medical records from the children's medical providers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Kappa statistics reveal poor agreement for 12 of 15 conditions studied. Weighted prevalence estimates vary widely across sources. For some conditions, despite apparently similar prevalence estimates from the two sources, mothers' reports and medical records identified very different groups of children as \"cases.\" Concurrence rates were lower for children from poor, less educated, and Hispanic families. Reasons for and implications of these findings are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 131","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25025490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H M Rosenberg, J D Maurer, P D Sorlie, N J Johnson, M F MacDorman, D L Hoyert, J F Spitler, C Scott
{"title":"Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: a summary of current research, 1999.","authors":"H M Rosenberg, J D Maurer, P D Sorlie, N J Johnson, M F MacDorman, D L Hoyert, J F Spitler, C Scott","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This report provides a summary of current knowledge and research on the quality and reliability of death rates by race and Hispanic origin in official mortality statistics of the United States produced by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). It also provides a quantitative assessment of bias in death rates by race and Hispanic origin. It identifies areas for targeted research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Death rates are based on information on deaths (numerators of the rates) from death certificates filed in the states and compiled into a national database by NCHS, and on population data (denominators) from the Census Bureau. Selected studies of race/Hispanic-origin misclassification and under coverage are summarized on deaths and population. Estimates are made of the separate and the joint bias on death rates by race and Hispanic origin from the two sources. Simplifying assumptions are made about the stability of the biases over time and among age groups. Original results are presented using an expanded and updated database from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While biases in the numerator and denominator tend to offset each other somewhat, death rates for all groups show net effects of race misclassification and under coverage. For the white population and the black population, published death rates are overstated in official publications by an estimated 1.0 percent and 5.0 percent, respectively, resulting principally from undercounts of these population groups in the census. Death rates for the other minority groups are understated in official publications approximately as follows: American Indians, 21 percent; Asian or Pacific Islanders, 11 percent; and Hispanics, 2 percent. These estimates do not take into account differential misreporting of age among the race/ethnic groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 128","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21468522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The assessment of immigration status in health research.","authors":"S Loue, A Bunce","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This report examines methodological issues relating to immigrant health, definition of immigrant, the assessment of immigrant status, and sampling strategies with immigrant populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review was conducted for the period 1977-98, utilizing various computer data bases to identify relevant studies. A total of 179 separate U.S.-based studies were reviewed. Twenty-two sample instruments and two revised versions of instruments for the assessment of immigration status were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, research relating to immigrants and their health has not attended to methodological issues inherent in such investigations. Instruments utilized to assess immigration status differ across studies, making cross-study comparisons difficult. Few studies have relied on probability sampling. Almost no data are available on field performance of instruments developed to assess immigration status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Development of an appropriate instrument requires consideration of the definition of immigrant to be used, the level of respondent knowledge to be presumed, the political and social climate that exists at the time of the survey administration, the populations and geographic locales with which the instrument will be utilized, the complexity of the instrument, and methods of the instrument administration. In view of the paucity of data pertaining to the field performance of instruments used to assess immigration status, any instrument considered for use must be field tested and revised appropriately before incorporation into a national survey. The appropriateness of any particular sampling strategy should be evaluated in the context of the field testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 127","pages":"1-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21409639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"National Health Interview Survey: research for the 1995-2004 redesign.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This report presents a major portion of the research carried out for the 1995-2004 redesign of the National Health Interview Survey. The primary focus of the 1995-2004 NHIS redesign research was to explore sample design options to improve the reliability of NHIS statistics for racial, ethnic, economic, and geographic domains. Another objective was to assess the integration of the sample designs of the NCHS surveys of health care providers and NHIS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A number of research tasks were carried out by Westat, Inc., to explore the feasibility and cost of various sample design options for the 1995-2004 National Health Interview Survey redesign. This report provides a detailed description of the research that was carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The research results presented in this report were the primary basis for assessing the technical soundness and costs for a number of design alternatives. The first option, called the alpha option, was developed under the assumption of a 50-percent data collection budget increase. The second option, called the beta option, was developed under the assumption of no change in the data collection budget. The beta option was the design implemented in 1995. Other important research items described in this report include oversampling methods for minority populations and dual-frame sampling methods. The research results in this report also led to additional research, primarily in the area of survey integration. A more detailed description of the 1995-2004 NHIS design will appear in a forthcoming NCHS Series 2 report titled Design and Estimation for the 1995-2004 National Health Interview Survey.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 126","pages":"1-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21358801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey: methods and response characteristics.","authors":"M Sanderson, J F Gonzalez","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics to study factors related to poor pregnancy outcome, such as adequacy of prenatal care; inadequate and excessive weight gain during pregnancy; maternal smoking, drinking, and drug use; and pregnancy and delivery complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The NMIHS is a nationally representative sample of 11,000 women who had live births, 4,000 who had late fetal deaths, and 6,000 who had infant deaths in 1988. Questionnaires were mailed to mothers based on information from certificates of live birth, reports of fetal death, and certificates of infant death. Information supplied by the mother, prenatal care providers, and hospitals of delivery was linked with the vital records to expand knowledge of maternal and infant health in the United States.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The response rates in all three components of the NMIHS differed according to the mothers' characteristics. Mothers were more likely to respond if they were 20-39 years of age, were white, were married, had fewer than four children, entered prenatal care early, had more prenatal visits, had more years of education, or resided in the Midwest Region. The percent of respondents was lower for teenage mothers, mothers of races other than white, and mothers with four or more children, little prenatal care, or fewer years of education. Mothers whose infants weighed less than 2,500 grams were less likely to respond in the live-birth and infant-death components than mothers whose infants weighed 2,500 grams or more.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The NMIHS will provide an invaluable tool for researchers and practitioners seeking solutions to perinatal and obstetric problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 125","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20542800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F J Potter, V G Iannacchione, W D Mosher, R E Mason, J D Kavee
{"title":"Sample design, sampling weights, imputation, and variance estimation in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth.","authors":"F J Potter, V G Iannacchione, W D Mosher, R E Mason, J D Kavee","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Cycle 5 of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in 1995. The NSFG collects data on pregnancy, childbearing, and women's health from a national sample of women 15-44 years of age. This report describes how the sample was designed, shows response rates for various subgroups of women, describes how the sampling weights were computed to make national estimates possible, shows how missing data were imputed for a limited set of key variables, and describes the proper ways to estimate sampling errors from the NSFG. The report includes both nontechnical summaries for readers who need only general information and more technical detail for readers who need an in-depth understanding of these topics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The 1995 NSFG was based on a national probability sample of women 15-44 years of age in the United States and was drawn from 14,000 households interviewed in the 1993 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Of the 13,795 women eligible for the NSFG, 10,847 (79 percent) gave complete interviews.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This report recommends using weighted data for analysis and a software package that will estimate sampling errors from complex samples (for example, SUDAAN or comparable software). The rate of missing data in the 1995 NSFG was very low. However, missing data were imputed for 315 key variables, called \"recodes.\" Of the 315 recodes defined for Cycle 5, 271 variables had missing data on less than 1 percent of the cases; only 44 had 1 percent or more with missing data. These missing values were imputed for all of these 315 variables. The imputation procedures are described in this report.</p>","PeriodicalId":23577,"journal":{"name":"Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research","volume":" 124","pages":"1-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20485698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}