Konstantinos Betsis, A. Kourtis, K. Karalis, A. Xenidis
{"title":"Assessment of Magnesia Refractories Corrosion by Iron-Rich Slags","authors":"Konstantinos Betsis, A. Kourtis, K. Karalis, A. Xenidis","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005135","url":null,"abstract":": High purity magnesia refractories have been tested for their resistance to iron-rich converter slags of ferronickel production. Laboratory tests were performed using crucibles made from magnesia refractories filled with slag at temperatures up to 1700 ◦ C and contact times of 1, 2, 4, or 8 h. SEM observations and microanalyses performed on both refractories and slag indicated the progressive substitution of Mg in magnesia refractories by iron and production of magnesiowustite ((Mg, Fe)O), thus forming an affected intermediate zone with a depth depending on contact time and temperature. At the most aggressive conditions investigated, i.e., temperature 1700 ◦ C and 8 h contact time, the maximum depth of the intermediate affected zone measured was 1.57 mm. Thermodynamic simulation of the system with FactSage 7.0 confirmed the formation of magnesiowustite with progressively higher rates of Mg substitution by Fe that decreases the melting point of (Mg, Fe)O, resulting in the progressive corrosion of the converters’ lining.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114612032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of STEM Educational Application with Easy Java Simulation in Mining & Metallurgical Engineering—Case Study on Mineral Processing","authors":"K. Syrmakezis, K. Tsakalakis, Sarantos Psycharis","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005134","url":null,"abstract":"Although there is a widely expressed need for the adoption of new didactic approaches that promote the active participation of learners, especially in tertiary-level education, research endeavors in this topic are limited. Seeking to contribute to the limited research activity on the application of innovative educational applications in university education, an EJS educational application for ‘university level’ engineering studies was developed and incorporated in a problem-based learning activity during the teaching of a “particle size-reduction process of ores” topic. Analysis of the research results revealed that the adoption of a STEM educational approach contributed directly to the students’ performance, reaffirming the significant prospects arising with the use of modern educational approaches, as well as with the use of innovative educational tools, at tertiary-level","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132104711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reduction of Ferric Iron in Hydrometallurgical Solutions Using Zero-Valent Iron","authors":"C. Mystrioti, N. Papassiopi, A. Xenidis","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005133","url":null,"abstract":"Most hydrometallurgical solutions usually contain high levels of ferric iron, which is often regarded as a major and problematic impurity. Precipitation of Fe(III) by raising the solution pH results in a voluminous amorphous residue that is particularly difficult to handle. Prior complete or partial reduction of Fe(III) to the divalent state facilitates the precipitation of crystalline iron oxides such as magnetite or goethite. The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of zero-valent iron (ZVI) for the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), which is a crucial pretreatment step for the efficient removal of iron. The effects of pH, reaction time and type of coexisting anions, i.e., sulphates or chlorides, were evaluated by conducting batch tests in an agitated reactor. It was found that using ZVI, Fe(III) is rapidly reduced to Fe(II), with higher reduction kinetics achieved in sulphate solutions at acidic pHs of 0.5–1.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125000084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Dimitriadis, Efstratios Zachareas, Vithleem Gazea
{"title":"Upgrading of a Tailings Management Facility for the Disposal of Dry Stack Tailings","authors":"D. Dimitriadis, Efstratios Zachareas, Vithleem Gazea","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005132","url":null,"abstract":"In every mine in the world, the result of the process is a slurry material called tailings. Today, more than ever before, the mining industry is looking for technical solutions to dewater mine tailings to eliminate the risk of tailings dam failures. In the Kassandra Mines in NE Chalkidiki, the Kokkinolakas Tailings Management Facility (KTMF) is currently in operation as a “dry stack” disposal area, by incorporating materials generated from the removal, cleaning, and rehabilitation of every old, non-operating tailings area from the extended past mining activities (1960–1995) as well as the tailings and wastes produced from the operations of the Olympias and Stratoni mines. Recently, the Kassandra Mines was also permitted to use the same dry stack technology at the Skouries project, providing the huge benefit for the environment of the full release of the Lotsaniko valley.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"483 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121647422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Karalis, K. Kollias, G. Bartzas, C. Mystrioti, A. Xenidis
{"title":"CO2 Sequestration Using Fly Ash from Lignite Power Plants","authors":"K. Karalis, K. Kollias, G. Bartzas, C. Mystrioti, A. Xenidis","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005131","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide sequestration by calciumor magnesium-containing minerals has been recognized as a promising processing route for the permanent and safe storage of carbon dioxide. In this study, the wet carbonation of lignite fly ash containing approximately 39 wt.% of total calcium oxide was attempted in an autoclave at pressure 1–15 bar, temperature 25–150 ◦C, liquid to solid ratio equal to 10 L/kg and retention time 24 h. Carbon content in treated fly ash was increased due to carbonation from 1.76% to 4.84–6.15% with the maximum value obtained at temperature 100 ◦C and pressure 15 bar. The analytical techniques applied confirmed the elimination of free lime and the formation of CaCO3. Based on the carbon content in untreated and treated samples it is estimated that under the optimum conditions 212,57 kg CO2 are sequestered in 1 tn of fly ash.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131069308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafaella Aikaterini Megaloudi, A. Kourtis, Paschalis Oustadakis, E. Tzamos, D. Dimitriadis, A. Xenidis
{"title":"Antimony Extraction from Galena Concentrates","authors":"Rafaella Aikaterini Megaloudi, A. Kourtis, Paschalis Oustadakis, E. Tzamos, D. Dimitriadis, A. Xenidis","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005130","url":null,"abstract":"The extraction of antimony and arsenic from galena concentrates by leaching with strongly alkaline sodium sulphide solution are investigated. The effects of leaching parameters including sodium sulphide and sodium hydroxide concentrations in the leaching solution, pulp density, reaction time and temperature on the extraction of antimony and arsenic are studied. It is indicated that high antimony extraction rates approaching 90–100% were obtained. However, arsenic extraction remained low at all experimental conditions considered, ranging between 2.5 and 4%, demonstrating that under these conditions, only certain arsenic-containing minerals are dissolved. The process presented is appropriate for antimony extraction with significant benefits associated with an increased value of galena concentrate and its own market value.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116123828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Davris, E. Balomenos, G. Nazari, Gomer M. Abrenica, S. Patkar, Wenjie Xu, Yiannis Karnachoritis
{"title":"Viable Scandium Extraction from Bauxite Residue at Pilot Scale","authors":"P. Davris, E. Balomenos, G. Nazari, Gomer M. Abrenica, S. Patkar, Wenjie Xu, Yiannis Karnachoritis","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005129","url":null,"abstract":"Scandium extraction from the Greek bauxite residue has been demonstrated at an industrial pilot plant at MYTILINEOS. This work comes as the result of the H2020 SCALE collaborative research project. By combining sulfuric acid leaching and II-VI Selective-Ion Recovery (SIR) technology, a 22 wt% Sc concentrate has been produced from the Greek Bauxite Residue that contains 70–100 mg/kg Sc. As detailed in this work, the year-long pilot campaign achieved low acid consumption, high Sc selectivity over Fe and Ti and high Sc-loading capacity of the SIR resin, setting the basis for a viable Sc extraction technology from bauxite residue. Furthermore, the neutralized bauxite residue from the leaching process can be used in cement production, enhancing the sustainability of the operation.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127297667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High Temperature Reduction of Bauxite Residue","authors":"Lanjar Grahita, Z. Zulhan, T. Hidayat","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005128","url":null,"abstract":"The present study focused on investigating the high-temperature reduction of bauxite residue, also known as red mud. A series of reduction experiments on red mud was performed to investigate the influences of temperature (1400, 1450, and 1500 ◦C), reaction time (15, 30, and 60 min) and reductant addition (7 and 14% carbon). A reduction experiment using a combination of carbon and plastic in the form of linear low-density polyethylene (7% carbon and 5% LLDPE) was also tested. The experiments were carried out in a vertical tube furnace using a graphite crucible under an argon atmosphere. Phases formed after the reduction process was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector. At 7% carbon addition for all reduction temperatures and times, the reduction process of red mud produced metal and slag. The metal mainly consisted of iron with main trace elements of Si, Ti, P, S, and V. The slag mainly consisted of Na2O, Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, and TiO2 components with residual iron oxide of less than 3.5 wt.%. Increasing the carbon addition to 14% at 1450 ◦C significantly increased the Si content in metal up to 19.1 wt.% and significantly decreased Na2O in slag to less than 0.1 wt.%. The experiment with 7% carbon + 5% LLDPE addition gave a similar reduction extent to the experiment with only 7% carbon addition. The combustion of the LLDPE occurred before the reduction took place, and hence the LLDPE did not significantly contribute to the reduction process.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130064406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elli Polychronopoulou, Paschalis Oustadakis, P. Tsakiridis, Konstantinos Betsis, A. Xenidis
{"title":"Sulphuric Acid Leaching of Spent Nickel Metal Hydride Car Batteries","authors":"Elli Polychronopoulou, Paschalis Oustadakis, P. Tsakiridis, Konstantinos Betsis, A. Xenidis","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005126","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment of spent nickel metal hydride batteries (NiMHs) of Lexus vehicles to recover nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) as well as rare earth elements (REEs) including La, Ce, Nd and Y was investigated. Co-extraction of Al, Fe, Cr and Cu has also been examined. Following batteries’ manual dismantling to remove metallic cases, outer plastics and current collectors, the remaining parts including cathodes of black coloured nickel (oxy)hydroxides, anodes consisting of a nickelcontaining alloy (AB5 mischmetal type), and separators were simultaneously ground down to −5 mm using a hammer mill equipped with sieves. The fine (−1 mm) fraction of this product was further subjected to sulphuric acid leaching to recover the high-value elements contained. Acid consumption of 14 mol H2SO4 per kg of this fraction was found to be sufficient to decrease pH to less than 1. Leaching experiments were performed using 0.5, 1 and 2 M sulphuric acid solution at 5% pulp density and temperature 50, 75 or 95 ◦C. The optimum conditions for the extraction of all elements were 2M H2SO4 concentration and temperature of 75 ◦C with the exception of Ni extraction, which reached its highest value at 95 ◦C and 2M H2SO4 concentration. Extractions of 93.34% of Ni, 99.03% of Co and 100% of REEs were achieved at these conditions.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132758755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Kriskova, E. Tatsis, M. Afsar, David Delaere, Y. Pontikes
{"title":"Towards Sustainable Inorganic Polymers: Production and Use of Alternative Activator","authors":"L. Kriskova, E. Tatsis, M. Afsar, David Delaere, Y. Pontikes","doi":"10.3390/materproc2021005127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005127","url":null,"abstract":": Inorganic polymers are considered to have a much smaller CO 2 footprint than traditional Portland cements. The possible environmental impact reduction was calculated to be up to 77% of a CEMI ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based mortar, while the CO 2 emissions were reduced by up to 83%. The highest contribution to the total CO 2 footprint of inorganic polymers is related to the manufacturing of alkali activators. Within this context, the current work discusses the synthesis of inorganic polymers made from Fe-rich precursor and alternative silicate solutions. The obtained results indicate that there is no significant difference between an inorganic polymer prepared from alternative and commercially available solutions, which confirms that the waste glass can be use as alternative raw material in the production of sodium silicate.","PeriodicalId":235219,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116222229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}