University of Khartoum Engineering Journal最新文献

{"title":"Physiochemical Treatment of Wastewater Utilizing Polyaluminum Chloride for Khartoum North Wastewater Effluent","authors":"Ahmed Yousif A. Mohamed, Asim Elsanosi O. Elnour, Mohamed A. A. Khadam","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v7i1.995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v7i1.995","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the possibility of applying physiochemical treatment for industrial wastewater combined with domestic wastewater that are currently treated by the conventional activated sludge process in Khartoum North Treatment plant at Haj Yousif (Wad Dafeah). A lab-scale experiment was carried out utilizing Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) as a coagulant for determining the optimum dose to reduce the turbidity of the wastewater sample to the lowest level. The results of the lab-scale model showed that a dose of 0.8 ml/l of the PAC achieved significant removal of turbidity (from turbidity >1000 NTU of raw sewage to turbidity level of 18 NTU of the treated effluent). This dose of 0.8ml/l obtained from the lab-scale experiment was applied in a pilot plant of capacity 30 m3/d erected at the site of the treatment plant (Wad Dafeah). The process units utilized in the pilot plant were of minimum or negligible electrical power consumption. They include an inverted hydro cyclone for flash mixing of the coagulant, pipes arrangement to achieve hydraulic gentle mixing as flocculation process, vertical sedimentation tank to enhance efficient settling of particles and tertiary treatment using a rapid sand filter. Raw sewage of BOD5 = 5000 mg/l was introduced into the pilot plant and excellent quality of treated effluent was obtained. Removal efficiencies of both BOD5 and SS were high (97 % & 98% respectively).Treated effluent had BOD5 = 23 mg/l & SS = 22 mg/l. The high dose of PAC utilized for the treatment (0.8 ml/l= 1040 mg/l) can be reduced significantly if raw wastewater of lower BOD content such as domestic wastewater is treated. In a parallel study with the domestic sewage of BOD5 =350 mg/l, the PAC dose required was 0.1 ml/l (130 mg/l). Recycling of residual PAC in the sludge is recommended to decrease the cost of treatment. The approach & methodology followed in this study can be further adopted using other coagulant material such as ferric salts or other similar local product which can achieve high efficiency in reducing the load of organic substances in the wastewater with minimum cost.Keywords: Physiochemical; Poly aluminum chloride; inverted hydro cyclone","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76897177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directional Drilling Design Using Computer Model","authors":"Mugahid A. Musa, Mosab M. Ahmed, Mohammed A. Yusuf, Hassan B. Nimir","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v7i1.996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v7i1.996","url":null,"abstract":"The number of directionally drilled wells in Sudan is progressively increasing. Directional drilling calculations when done manually or through Microsoft Excel are tedious, susceptible to mistakes and take long time. The software prescribed in this paper is designed to treat these problems. This paper describes Software called CDD which stands for Computerized Directional Drilling. It is employing the minimum curvature method using visual basic (VB.NET) as a programming language to achieve calculations and minimize the uncertainty and risks related to achieve a predetermined target. The Software is capable of calculating the survey data of the well trajectory for all types of directional drilling wells. In addition, the CDD computes the actual coordinates along the planned trajectory at regular or irregular intervals and designs plots to show the well trajectory in 2D charts in top and side views. It also gives 3D graph for more visual representation of the well trajectory. The CDD enables the user to compare different well trajectories and show them in the same chart. The input data could be saved in the database section and the output results could be exported into various formats. Based on applying the CDD on the Case Studies, this Software gives accurate results and can be used in planning of CDD with error of less than 1%.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84811369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of Automatic Generation Control and Automatic Voltage Regulator Under Generation Rate Constraint","authors":"Elfadil Z. Abdalla, Mohammed G. Abdelfadeel","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1003","url":null,"abstract":"As the interconnected power system transmits power from one area to another, the frequency will inevitable deviate from scheduled frequency. In addition, the active and reactive power demands continually change with rising and falling trend. Any mismatch between system generation and demand results in change in system frequency that is highly undesired. Excitation of generator must be regulated in order to match the power demand, otherwise the bus voltage may fall beyond the permitted limit. In this paper, a simulation model is developed for each component of AGC and AVR loops considering generator rate constraints. The response with GRC is compared with the analysis done without the Generation Rate Constraint. Although the frequency deviation is less with suitable controllers when the GRC is not considered, it is not the actual frequency deviation. When GRC is considered the actual frequency deviation can be found and then accordingly the controller is tuned. So that the desired frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are maintained in order to minimize the transient deviations and to provide zero steady state error in appropriate short time. Further the role of automatic voltage control is to maintain the terminal voltage of synchronous generator in order to maintain the bus bar voltage Results are obtained using MATLAB SIMULINK software.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82070638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Some Chloride Salts on Swelling Properties of Expansive Soil","authors":"Magdi M. E. Zumrawi, Alla M. M. Mahjoub, Iman M. Alnour","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1005","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to provide a proposed correlation for Sudanese crude oil in order to estimate solution gas oil- ratio directly without depending on laboratory measurements.There are many correlations that were utilized for a number of international crude oils. However, because the components of crude differ from region to region, it is difficult to use any specified correlation for different regions and that is simply because each region has its own properties. The core hypothesis of this paper is to find that there is a correlation between the solution gas- oil ratios as a function of the physical properties of the critical temperature, critical pressure, normal boiling temperature, bubble point pressure and gas specific gravity. In these the logarithmic regression method on Microsoft Excel Statistics Package programme used to find this correlation. The obtained results should that there are coefficients for correlation pilot. The correlations were tested using laboratory data in order to justify their accuracy and usefulness using statistical tools and graphics. The results obtained well agreed with laboratory results .The results were compared with other values obtained from international correlations which are used to calculate the solution gas oil ratio.The study indicates that this new correlation can predict well the solution gas oil ratio for Sudanese crude oil when compared to any other known correlations.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88793670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Methodology for Checking the Validity of an Existing Contour Map Using RTK-GPS and GIS","authors":"Gamal H. Seedahmed","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v7i1.989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v7i1.989","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a methodology for checking the validity of the height information of an existing contour map using RTK-GPS measurements and GIS analysis. In particular, 3D profiles were measured in the field by RTK-GPS. The same 3D profiles were extracted from a scanned and geo-referenced contour map using GIS. The height information from the two data sets of 3D profiles were compared in the absolute and relative sense. Thiscomparison reveals two aspects about the two data sets. First, the two data sets from the RTK-GPS measurementsand the existing maps are very similar in terms of shape, which suggest that both of them they capture the same underlying trend of the topography. Second, the maximum relative RMSE is  0.939 m in the first 3D profile that goes from the west to the east. The relative RMSE is a very important measure since it does not depend on the changes that may happened to the vertical datum (benchmark). These two findings leave us with two options. First, to accept the existing contour map; and this acceptance should be judged in light of the overall requirements and the design criteria of the project. For example, a global compensation can be made to accommodate the maximum variation in the topographic surface for an irrigation project. This compensation does not give any information about the local variation of the topography that may impact, for instance, a pivot irrigation design. Second, to redo the survey work. Indeed, both options are associated with obvious and hidden risks that may not be trivial during thedesign stage of the project. The first option can be accepted on the basis of a global compensation parameters that will be obtained from the comparison tests. And the second option will come with an instantaneous financial burden.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80196969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on Scour Failure at Bridge Foundation","authors":"Magdi M. E. Zumrawi, Hassan A. Abusim","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v9i2.997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v9i2.997","url":null,"abstract":"The success of a bridge relies on proper design and construction of its foundations. A Literature concerning water scouring atbridge foundation and some cases of bridge failure were intensively reviewed. Two global cases and a local case of foundation failurecaused collapse of the bridge structure were selected for this study. The study was concentrated on Manshia Bridge in Khartoum. Theinvestigation involved field survey and laboratory testing on this project to examine the existing foundation conditions. The easternabutment investigated experienced sever failures in forms of excessive scouring and settlement in the embankment and the foundationpiles surrounded by water. The causes of these failures were found mainly linked to the high scouring rate of water lead to washout the soil from the embankment of the abutment and the foundation piles. The foundation design mistakes, poor construction, inadequate abutment protection and lack of maintenance were detected as the main cause of the bridge failure. To protect abutment against scouring problem, it is recommended to use rock protection for the embankment and river bed around the abutment.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83112943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VSAT Packet Security Performance Enhancement Using Modified Interlock Protocol","authors":"Ayman M. Muzzmail, Hamid Abbas Ali, Sami M. Sharif","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1007","url":null,"abstract":"This study has focused on developing the Interlock protocol and on implementing it on the VSAT system to overcome the man-in-the-middle attack in the double hob topology. A new cryptography protocol has been modified into Interlock protocol by using the concept of Cipher Block Chinning mode and AES, RSA, SAH-256 algorithms. The TCP protocol is flexible and has the ability to tune its parameters depending on the environment under which it works. In this study the TCP protocol parameters had been readjusted to reach the optimum throughput when the packet was encrypted and transmitted in the VSAT environment. The results indicate an increase in the throughput of up to about 30%.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85799869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Scour of Highway Cross Drainage Structures","authors":"M. Akode Osman, Zeinab Mohamed Adam","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1006","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper methods for determination of maximum local scour depth and eroded material volume downstream of highway drainage structures were developed. Severe local scour leads to undermining followed by collapsing of the drainage structure. The analysis method is based on integrating a new technique of improved drainage structure outlet geometry, jet hydraulic characteristics and soil properties. The jet velocity, induced shear stress, critical shear resistance to erosion and particle size are the main factors that control the erosion process downstream of a drainage structure. The study is of experimental and theoretical nature. The developed mathematical model was calibrated using collected field data in addition to laboratory tests. The produced scour holes were plotted for each laboratory run and the scour hole depth, width and length were measured. A semi- empirical relation has been developed for predicting the depth of local scour hole. It is based on Densimetric Froude number. It is found that the semicircular apron gives less scour depth and width when compared to the linear front apron. The comparison of the model outputs and field study is found of a good agreement. The model is recommended for engineering design of highway drainage structures located on streams of sandy bed.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88196674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solution Gas-Oil Ratios Correlation for Sudanese Crude Oil","authors":"Nagi A. Osman, Abd Alshakoor Awad Elkareem, Ali A. Rabah","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to provide a proposed correlation for Sudanese crude oil in order to estimate solution gas oil- ratio directly without depending on laboratory measurements.There are many correlations that were utilized for a number of international crude oils. However, because the components of crude differ from region to region, it is difficult to use any specified correlation for different regions and that is simply because each region has its own properties. The core hypothesis of this paper is to find that there is a correlation between the solution gas- oil ratios as a function of the physical properties of the critical temperature, critical pressure, normal boiling temperature, bubble point pressure and gas specific gravity. In these the logarithmic regression method on Microsoft Excel Statistics Package programme used to find this correlation. The obtained results should that there are coefficients for correlation pilot. The correlations were tested using laboratory data in order to justify their accuracy and usefulness using statistical tools and graphics. The results obtained well agreed with laboratory results .The results were compared with other values obtained from international correlations which are used to calculate the solution gas oil ratio.The study indicates that this new correlation can predict well the solution gas oil ratio for Sudanese crude oil when compared to any other known correlations.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86268739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Series Analysis of H.264 Video","authors":"Hiba H. S. M. Ali, Sami M. Sharif","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v7i1.990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v7i1.990","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to investigate the statistical properties of H.264/AVC video sequences. The stationarity, dependence properties and self-similarity are investigated. Analysis of the H.264/AVC video sequences variable bit rate (VBR) traffic has shown that this data has strong self-similarity properties as well as noticeable long range dependence (LRD) and short range dependence (SRD). The stationarity of H.264 video sequences is investigated by applying the fractional differencing technique and implemented with Haar maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform. The results indicate that the H.264 video is 2nd order stationary.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82141488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}