Trends in Renewable Energy最新文献

{"title":"Virtual Indicative Broadband over Power Lines Topologies for Respective Subclasses by Adjusting Channel Attenuation Statistical Distribution Parameters of Statistical Hybrid Models (Class Maps) – Part 1: Theory","authors":"A. Lazaropoulos","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.3.0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.3.0099","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a set of indicative overhead and underground medium voltage broadband over power lines (OV and UN MV BPL) topologies, initial statistical hybrid model (iSHM) and modified statistical hybrid model (mSHM) are statistical channel models suitable for the distribution BPL networks. Both iSHM and mSHM statistically process channel attenuation and capacity values of assumed indicative OV and UN MV BPL topologies by exploiting channel attenuation statistical distributions (CASDs). iSHM exploits a set of well-known CASDs (i.e., Gaussian, Lognormal, Wald, Weibull and Gumbel CASDs) while mSHM exploits the Empirical CASD. Each indicative OV and UN MV BPL topology acts as the representative one of a respective OV and UN MV BPL topology class (i.e., rural, suburban, urban and aggravated urban class) that consists of a number of respective statistically equivalent OV and UN MV BPL topologies. The contribution of this paper is the theoretical framework presentation of the creation of new virtual indicative OV and UN MV BPL topologies by appropriately adjusting the parameters of iSHM and mSHM CASDs. These new virtual indicative OV and UN MV BPL topologies will enrich the respective today’s OV and UN MV BPL topology classes with respective OV and UN MV BPL topology subclasses while each subclass will be enriched by a number of respective statistically equivalent OV and UN MV BPL topologies. The procedure of defining new virtual distribution BPL topologies by applying iSHM and mSHM will allow a better capacity study of OV and UN MV BPL topology classes. Apart from the definition procedure of the virtual indicative OV MV and UN MV BPL topologies and their respective virtual subclasses by adjusting CASD parameters of iSHM and mSHM, the contribution of this paper is the class map that analytically describes the taxonomy of distribution BPL topology classes and subclasses. Citation:  Lazaropoulos, A. G. (2019). Virtual Indicative Broadband over Power Lines Topologies for Respective Subclasses by Adjusting Channel Attenuation Statistical Distribution Parameters of Statistical Hybrid Models (Class Maps) – Part 1: Theory. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 237-257. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.3.0099","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78702387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IoT Based Smart Solar Flower Water Pump System","authors":"B. H. Band, A. D. Ingole","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.3.0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.3.0098","url":null,"abstract":"The electric demand of the countries is increasing day by day and the available resources are quite insufficient to fulfill this demand. The reasons are that the conventional energy resources are diminishing and available with finite sources. Due to these reasons, the solar power is one of the promising alternatives that is easily available, pollution free and having higher operating life. The solar system also provides higher operating efficiency for the load, and the cost of the solar panel is minimum. To improve the switching technology used for the power conversion, we presented a smart flower system powered by photovoltaic panels that could supply standalone AC/DC load. In this system, solar panels produce a direct current, which can be converted into AC by the converter and used in home, industrial and agriculture applications. The output of the panels depends on the direction of sun's rays (solar energy), and the solar photovoltaic cell converts the solar energy into useful electrical energy. The aim of this paper is to develop the solar photovoltaic generation system based on a standard power electronics cell for micro industrial, commercial, home as well as agriculture applications. The proposed system is capable to provide protection from wind and rain, thereby the efficiency of the solar panels will increase. The generation of the electricity is more with trackers than stationary counterparts due to direct exposure to sun's rays. This increase can be as much as 25% depending upon the geographic location of the tracking system. The generated output voltage can be used for various purposes, and we used the store energy to run an agriculture water pump by using the internet of things (IoT).  Citation:  Band, B. H., and Ingole, A. D. (2019). IoT Based Smart Solar Flower Water Pump System. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 229-236. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.3.0098","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86335948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalytic Pyrolysis of Kapok Fiber for Production of Olefins","authors":"Q. Qiu, Ying Cai, Qi Ye, Weizhong Lv","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0097","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrolysis of kapok fibers over mesoporous molecular sieves of MCM-41, Zr-MCM-41 and Cr-MCM-41 (the mole ratio of Si:Zr or Si/Cr=50) was studied by using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Pure silicon MCM-41 showed weak acidity during pyrolysis with furfural as the main product. Zr-MCM-41 showed the dual-functionality of acid and base with both furfural and hydroxy acetone present in the products. Cr-MCM-41 was more acidic with more furfural produced. The optimal conditions for producing olefins were found to be 600°C and the ratio of kapok fiber to catalyst being 1:10 with the Zr-MCM-41 catalyst. The main products obtained via pyrolysis of kapok fiber were acetic acid, furfural, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, olefins, and alkanes. The excess of the catalyst and the high temperature of the reaction had certain effects on the pyrolysis of biomass to produce olefins, such as 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-undecene, 1-tridecene and heptadecane.  Citation:  Qiu, Q., Cai, Y., Ye, Q., and Lv, W. (2019). Catalytic Pyrolysis of Kapok Cellulose. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 218-228. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.2.0097","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76722981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Statistical Hybrid Model Performance in Overhead and Underground Medium Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Channels by Adopting Empirical Channel Attenuation Statistical Distribution","authors":"A. Lazaropoulos","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0096","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical hybrid model is a statistical channel model suitable for the broadband over power lines (BPL) networks while it is based on the statistical processing of channel attenuation and capacity values of preassumed BPL topology classes. One of the key operation elements of the statistical hybrid model, which affects its results fidelity, is the selection of the appropriate channel attenuation statistical distribution among a set of well-known channel attenuation statistical distributions (i.e., such as Gaussian, Lognormal, Wald, Weibull and Gumbel distributions). The selection of the appropriate channel attenuation statistical distribution becomes a hard task since it depends on a number of factors such as the power grid type –either overhead (OV) or underground (UN) power grid–, the representative distribution BPL topology of the examined class, the applied electromagnetic interference (EMI) policies and the used coupling scheme type. The contribution of this paper is to identify the conditions whether the Empirical channel attenuation statistical distribution can act as the default distribution of statistical hybrid model (modified statistical hybrid model) thus replacing the required comparison analysis prior to the selection of the aforementioned distributions of the initial statistical hybrid model. The evaluation comparison is based on the already applied metrics of capacity percentage change and average absolute capacity percentage change. Citation:  Lazaropoulos, A. G. (2019). Enhancing the Statistical Hybrid Model Performance in Overhead and Underground Medium Voltage Broadband over Power Lines Channels by Adopting Empirical Channel Attenuation Statistical Distribution. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 181-217. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.2.0096","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86549787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Refining of Waste Lubricating Oil: A China Perspective","authors":"Jinlong Wu, Bo Li, Wei Wang, Shu Yang, P. Liu, Changyan Yang, Yigang Ding","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0084","url":null,"abstract":"Presently, many regeneration processes of waste lubricating oil, such as catalytic hydrogenation, are available. However, some of these processes are highly costly and not suitable for Chinese economic conditions, and some may produce contaminated impurities such as acid slag, which cannot meet environmental protection requirements. This study aims to develop a green process for the regeneration of waste lubricating oil into a base oil, which should meet the requirements of green chemistry, have the characteristics of simple operation, low cost, less pollution and high recovery rate, and turn wastes into renewable resources. The new process developed via this research has three stages. First, mechanical and large particle impurities in the waste lubricating oil were removed by pretreatment. Second, most of the colloid and asphaltene were removed by thermal extraction and sedimentation. Finally, the activated bleaching earth was used to further purify the waste lubricating oil. The performance evaluation of the finally obtained lubricating base oil conformed to the standard of the HVI-100 lubricating oil. The total recovery rate of the process was about 63.5%. Citation:  Wu, J., Li, B., Wang, W., Yang, S., Liu, P., Yang, C., and Ding, Y. (2019). Green Refining of Waste Lubricating Oil: A China Perspective. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 165-180. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.2.0084","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79641473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Biochar Based Porous Carbon Nanofibers for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications","authors":"S. Xiu, Spero Gbewonyob, A. Shahbazi, Lifeng Zhang","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0095","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass-derived biochar was used as the precursor to synthesize porous carbons for supercapacitor electrodes. The biochar was first activated with KOH to generate porous carbon material and then fabricated into highly flexible porous carbon nanofibers (ECNF) by electrospinning technique. Activated carbons with a surface area of around 2258 m 2 /g were found. The resultant biochar based ECNF mats exhibited outstanding mechanical flexibility and electrochemical properties as free-stranding and binder free electrodes of supercapacitor. The PAN/BCK3 ECNFs, which were made from the composite of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and KOH-activated biochar (mass ratio of Biochar/KOH =1:3) exhibited the highest gravimetric capacitance (108 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g) with high retention (96% at 1 A/g) due to its well-developed micro-mesoporosity. The results indicated that biomass-derived biochar is a promising material which can be used for the production of low cost high performance electrode materials for supercapacitor.  Citation:  Xiu, S., Gbewonyob, S., Shahbazi, A., and Zhang, L. (2019). Production of Biochar Based Porous Carbon Nanofibers for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 151-164. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.2.0095","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84365246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Information Technology Department against the Hook Style Energy Theft in Smart Cities – Ad-Hoc Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OV LV BPL) Networks","authors":"A. Lazaropoulos","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.2.0093","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the possibility of detecting the hook style energy theft in the overhead low-voltage (OV LV) power grids through the hook style energy theft method (HS-DET method) when ad-hoc overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OV LV BPL) networks are deployed by the Information Technology departments of the power utilities. Without the need for the deployment of a complete and permanent OV LV BPL network across the OV LV power grid, the impact of the deviation from the initial measurement positions and of longer ad-hoc OV LV BPL topologies on the detection efficiency of HS-DET method is assessed by using the already validated percent error sum (PES) metrics and appropriate contour plots. Citation: Lazaropoulos, A. G. (2019). The Role of Information Technology Department against the Hook Style Energy Theft in Smart Cities – Ad-Hoc Overhead Low-Voltage Broadband over Power Lines (OV LV BPL) Networks. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 117-150. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.2.0093","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79584708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Energy Theft in Overhead Low-Voltage Power Grids – The Hook Style Energy Theft in the Smart Grid Era","authors":"A. Lazaropoulos","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.1.0081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.1.0081","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the possibility of detecting the hook style energy theft in the overhead low-voltage (OV LV) power grids when the smart grid conveniences are available. On the basis of the broadband over power lines (BPL) technology and the proposed method of the detection of the hook style energy theft (HS-DET method), a plethora of different scenarios concerning the hook style energy theft is considered so that the performance of HS-DET method can be assessed. The impact of OV LV BPL topologies, hook characteristics and measurement differences on the performance of HS-DET method is mainly assessed through appropriate metrics, such as derivative metrics of percent error sum (PES). Finally, appropriate contour plots against the hook style energy theft are proposed revealing the efficiency of HS-DET method against any relevant threat in any conditions. Citiation:  Lazaropoulos, A. G. (2019). Detection of Energy Theft in Overhead Low-Voltage Power Grids – The Hook Style Energy Theft in the Smart Grid Era. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5(1), 12-46. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.1.0081","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76185626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical Design of Energy Generating Gymnasium Pull-down Machine for Green, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Production","authors":"M. Saeed, Ifrah Saleem, Farhat Iqbal","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.1.0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.1.0086","url":null,"abstract":"New technologies are being invented and energy demand is increasing. Growth of population has always been and will remain one of the major causes of energy demand. Science is therefore looking for new major and minor energy resources to keep world in progress. The main focus of energy engineering and technology in the field of energy generation is to harvest energy by any mean from any source. A theoretical research is introduced in this paper which will contribute its reasonable share in the field of renewable and green energy sector. This energy generating system is named as energy generating gymnasium system (EGGS). The core idea behind this energy harvesting system is that, the human being is also a source of renewable energy and it is possible to harness electrical energy from people by the use of EGGS. Human energy is wasted when excessive calories of body are burnt during exercise in gymnasiums to achieve the desired fitness. EGGS will provide an opportunity to return expended energy in the form of electrical energy from gymnasium equipment and cardiovascular machines. This electrical energy will be cheap and also green since it will not emit any carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas during the process. This system can increase the potential of renewable energy area and the electrical energy generated from EGGS can be sold back to the national utility via micro grids (MG). The proposed system will be very beneficial for such countries that are facing energy crises as well as the third world countries. Authors have discussed a gymnasium machine named as “Pull-down machine” and proposed a theoretical modification to make it as an energy generating gymnasium machine (EGGM) in the presented research. Citation:  Saeed, M., Saleem, I., and Iqbal, F. (2019). Theoretical Design of Energy Generating Gymnasium Pull-down Machine for Green, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Production. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 47-59. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.1.0086","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91160204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Cases during the Detection of the Hook Style Energy Theft in Overhead Low-Voltage Power Grids through HS-DET Method – Part 2: Different Measurement Differences, Feint “Smart” Hooks and Hook Interconnection Issues","authors":"A. Lazaropoulos","doi":"10.17737/TRE.2019.5.1.0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17737/TRE.2019.5.1.0083","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of [1] and [2], this paper investigates the possibility of jamming the method of the detection of the hook style energy theft (HS-DET method) that is used for the detection of the hook style energy theft in the overhead low-voltage (OV LV) power grids. Three more sophisticated scenarios, which have been revealed in [2] and are the evolution of the three main suspicious issues of [1], are further investigated in this paper. The detection efficiency of HS-DET method is assessed by using the already validated percent error sum (PES) submetrics and appropriate contour plots.  Citation:  Lazaropoulos, A. G. (2019). Special Cases during the Detection of the Hook Style Energy Theft in Overhead Low-Voltage Power Grids through HS-DET Method – Part 2: Different Measurement Differences, Feint “Smart” Hooks and Hook Interconnection Issues. Trends in Renewable Energy, 5, 90-116. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2019.5.1.0083","PeriodicalId":23305,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84021867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}