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The role of formic acid and methanol on speciation rate and quality in the electrodeposition of chromium from trivalent electrolytes 甲酸和甲醇对三价电解液中铬形成速率和质量的影响
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871169
S. K. Ibrahim, A. Watson, D. Gawne
{"title":"The role of formic acid and methanol on speciation rate and quality in the electrodeposition of chromium from trivalent electrolytes","authors":"S. K. Ibrahim, A. Watson, D. Gawne","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871169","url":null,"abstract":"A successful enhancement of both the quality and the deposition rate has been obtained by the addition of some quantities of formic acid and methanol. The results were obtained by using very conventional conditions such as 25°C, no pH adjustment, low current density and very gentle agitation. An excellent quality of deposit with a deposition rate of 50-100 μm/hr was obtained. And sustained deposition up to 200 μm was achieved with prolonged electrolysis. The change in the chemical speciation of the electrolyte was studied by using Ion-exchange chromatography. A separation and identification of the various species, formed as the bath was aged with time, was obtained. The chromium concentration of each band was measured using the ICP spectrometer, monitoring the change in the concentration of the species with ageing. U.V. visible spectrometry was also used to confirm identification of the species. A clear correlation has been established between loss of deposition rate and the formation of higher oligomeric chromium (III) species. The role of methanol and formic acid in inhibiting this effect is discussed.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"181-188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58739799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Characteristics of electrodeposited chromium 电沉积铬的特性
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871175
M. El-Sharif, C. Chisholm
{"title":"Characteristics of electrodeposited chromium","authors":"M. El-Sharif, C. Chisholm","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871175","url":null,"abstract":"Organic complexants are essential components for the electrodeposition of chromium from chromium (III) based electrolytes. However, during electrolysis these complexants suffer decomposition and their compounds become incorporated in the deposit. The properties are considerably altered by the presence of these inclusions. In this paper the effect of addition of glycine to a high speed and still chromium (III) electrolyte was studied. Component analysis of the deposits indicated the presence of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. The effects of current density, concentration of complexant, bath temperature and electrolyte velocity on the concentration of the above elements are presented. The hardness of the deposits was greatly increased after heat treatment at 400 to 800°C. X-ray diffraction show the as-deposited chromium to be amorphous and the formation of carbide compounds after heat treatment. The corrosion behaviour of chromium deposits was investigated by using salt spray test and electrochemical techniques.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"208-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of plated Zn-alloys 镀锌合金的腐蚀行为和机械性能
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871177
W. Paatsch, W. Kautek, M. Sahre
{"title":"Corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of plated Zn-alloys","authors":"W. Paatsch, W. Kautek, M. Sahre","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871177","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc represents the most effective and economic corrosion protection especially for steel base materials. Improved corrosion resistance can be achieved by alloying zinc with small amounts (around 1%) of transition metal elements like Co, Ni and Fe. ZnFe and Zn-Co alloys containing up to 1.5% of the transition metal were plated using an alkaline and acidic electrolyte respectively. Zn-Ni alloys with Ni-contents up to 14% were deposited on steel substrates using both types of electrolytes. The very homogeneous texture of the Zn-Fe-alloys proved by X-ray investigations obviously leads to the formation of a very uniform and protecting chromate layer in the chromatizing process. Corrosion tests in the salt spray cabinet show a superior behaviour of chromated Zn-Fe-layers after heat treatment when compared to conventional chromated pure zinc layers and other low alloyed zinc layers. These results are confirmed by outdoor exposure tests and electrochemical investigations. As zinc-alloys are supposed to replace cadmium for fastener applications mechanical properties like hardness as well as tribological data are of importance and were investigated. Further, the hydrogen embrittlement of deposited high strength steel was also tested. On the basis of electro-chemical data a dopant-vacancy interaction model is presented for a qualitative explanation of the corrosion behaviour of plated zinc-alloys.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"216-218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Molybdate Based Passivation of Zinc 钼酸盐基锌钝化
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871161
P. T. Tang, G. Bech-Nielsen, P. Møller
{"title":"Molybdate Based Passivation of Zinc","authors":"P. T. Tang, G. Bech-Nielsen, P. Møller","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871161","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryIn order to reduce corrosion rates, zinc plated parts are usually chromated. Recently Chromates have caused increasingly environmental concern, for both allergic effects among workers touching chromated parts and toxic effects on fish, plants and bacteria.A molybdate based alternative has been developed to replace Chromates in several passivation applications. Depending on the environment in which the passivated parts are to be exposed, the protection that this alternative treatment provides range from less efficient to more efficient as compared to Chromate.These aspects as well as issues such as; cost, stability, layer composition and test results from several different corrosion tests are discussed.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"144-148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58739276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
The microstructure of WC-Co coatings produced by HVOF spraying with liquid fuel 液体燃料HVOF喷涂WC-Co涂层的微观结构
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871153
W. Coulson, S. Harris
{"title":"The microstructure of WC-Co coatings produced by HVOF spraying with liquid fuel","authors":"W. Coulson, S. Harris","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871153","url":null,"abstract":"High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is now frequently used to produce high quality WC-Co coatings on surfaces which are subjected to certain kinds of erosive wear in service. An examination has been made of coatings produced by modified HVOF technology which makes use of liquid fuels rather than gaseous ones employed hitherto. It has been demonstrated that liquid fuel, i.e. diesel, promotes higher temperatures in the spray stream and this gives rise to an increased level of WC decomposition. Coatings contain reacted and unreacted zones and a model has been developed to account for their distribution. Observations on the coatings have demonstrated the composition of reaction products, i.e. W 2 C, Wand also a solid solution of carbon and tungsten in the cobalt matrix which is amorphous as a result of rapid cooling when the spray particles impact with the substrate. The coatings produced have lower porosity levels and higher hardness values than those associated with conventional plasma spraying.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"108-112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58739311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Lead-free Tin Alloys as Substitutes for Tin-lead Alloy Plating 无铅锡合金作为镀锡铅合金的替代品
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871162
Manfred Jordan
{"title":"Lead-free Tin Alloys as Substitutes for Tin-lead Alloy Plating","authors":"Manfred Jordan","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871162","url":null,"abstract":"The use of lead and lead-components is prohibited or restricted for many applications. Presently there is therefore a discussion on the possibility to substitute lead as an alloying element in solder-alloys for electronic applications. The advantages for lead-containing tin-alloys as solder and solderable coating are for example low melting-point, effective prevention of whisker growth, low price and high availability. From the view of electrochemical deposition, the system is favoured because of the similarity of the standard potentials of both elements. It is therefore possible to deposit from acidic electrolytes without complexing agents any tin-lead ratio. Stable and mature processes are available for technical applications. In the search for lead-free solders these arguments must be considered. The electrolytic deposition of any alternative for tin-lead should be possible from systems which are non-hazardous to people or the environment. Taking account of the above mentioned arguments the paper describes initial experiments on the deposition of tin-bismuth-alloys. The eutectic Sn/Bi-alloy is already used as solder for special applications. By adjusting the Sn/Bi-ratio in the electrolyte. it is possible to deposit coatings, which have a similar range of melting point as known Sn/Pb-alloys. Preliminary results on solderability hardness and topography of different Sn/Bi-alloys are presented.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"149-153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58739329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Characteristics of Microfilters Made of Anodic Oxide Films of Aluminium 铝阳极氧化膜微过滤器的特性研究
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871158
S. Hoshino, Kunishige Suzuki, Kiyokazu Nakane
{"title":"Characteristics of Microfilters Made of Anodic Oxide Films of Aluminium","authors":"S. Hoshino, Kunishige Suzuki, Kiyokazu Nakane","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871158","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryVarious types of micro-filters were made of anodic oxide films of aluminium by dissolving Al substrate and barrier layer partially in the form of a circle. The diameter of the micro-pores in the fillers were controlled by bath voltage during anodizing and by pore-widening technique. The flow rate of distilled water through the films was measured under various conditions and revealed that the measured values of flow rate of water relatively agreed with the values calculated by the equation of Hagen-Poiseuille. It was also demonstrated by experiments of breakdown of the filter by air-pressure that the strength of the filter was nearly proportional to the thickness of the filter and was inversely proportional to diameter of filter, as suggested by the equation from material strength theory.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"134-136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58739573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Functional composite zinc electrodeposition 功能复合锌电沉积
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871176
Arpiar Sachian, M. Blidariu, E. Roman, C. Raducanu
{"title":"Functional composite zinc electrodeposition","authors":"Arpiar Sachian, M. Blidariu, E. Roman, C. Raducanu","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871176","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents research into composite deposition with a electrolytic zinc matrix and inert particles. This type of plating was studied in order to obtain superior functional performances over traditional zinc electrodepositions, such as higher hardness, wear and friction resistance and better corrosion resistance. The study comprised: establishment of electrolyte composition; disperse phase behaviour on grain structure; effect of current density and electrolyte dynamic regime on co-deposition; plating characteristics.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"43 1","pages":"213-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Characterization of Copper Oxide Layers by Electrochemical Methods 用电化学方法表征氧化铜层
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871145
O. Forsén, P. Pesonen, J. Aromaa, T. Suortti
{"title":"Characterization of Copper Oxide Layers by Electrochemical Methods","authors":"O. Forsén, P. Pesonen, J. Aromaa, T. Suortti","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871145","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryThe applicability of electrochemical methods for the characterization of oxide layers on copper was examined. The oxide layers were formed at high temperature in air atmosphere and electrochemically in carbonate and bicarbonate solutions. The test methods were cathodic polarisation measurements, cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic reduction. The composition and the thickness of oxide layers were determined from the galvanostatic curves. The reduction potential range indicates the composition of oxide layer and the reduction time indicates the thickness of the layer in the galvanostatic E-t curves. The 0,1 M Na2CO3 electrolyte gave the sharpest reduction peaks in cyclic voltammograms. The cyclic voltammograms abo proved that the oxide layers formed in air at higher temperature differ from the electrochemically formed oxide layers. Both the parabolic and the logarithmic oxidation rate laws were found to be applicable in air oxidation.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"65-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58739085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Assessment of surface cleanliness for metal surfaces using an electrochemical technique 用电化学技术评价金属表面的清洁度
IF 1.9 4区 材料科学
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1997.11871152
M. Baumgärtner, C. Raub, D. Gabe
{"title":"Assessment of surface cleanliness for metal surfaces using an electrochemical technique","authors":"M. Baumgärtner, C. Raub, D. Gabe","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1997.11871152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871152","url":null,"abstract":"A number of cleanliness assessment techniques related to quality surface preparation prior to electroplating, are in use but in general are comparative or subjective and not very sensitive. Electrochemical techniques are especially applicable to wet surfaces at intermediate stages of processing. One such technique, based on both two and three electrode polarisation, has been evaluated for silver, gold, copper, copper alloys, aluminium and iron alloy substrates and found to be easy to use without specialist competence, reliable enough to give reproducible results and at the same time rapid and cost effective. Results are presented justifying this claim and demonstrating how it may be used as a quality measuring instrument.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":"75 1","pages":"101-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1997.11871152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58739242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
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