Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Incidence of hyperthyroidism in patients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder with or without lithium: 21-year follow-up from the LiSIE retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Ingrid Lieber,&nbsp;Michael Ott,&nbsp;Robert Lundqvist,&nbsp;Mats Eliasson,&nbsp;Ursula Werneke","doi":"10.1177/20451253231151514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231151514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lithium-associated hyperthyroidism is much rarer than lithium-associated hypothyroidism. Yet, it may be of substantial clinical significance for affected individuals. For instance, lithium-associated hyperthyroidism could destabilise mood, mimic manic episodes and impact physical health. Only few studies have explored incidence rates of lithium-associated hyperthyroidism. Even fewer studies have compared incidence rates according to lithium exposure history.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the impact of lithium treatment on the incidence rate of hyperthyroidism in patients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder and assess its aetiology.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This study is part of the LiSIE (Lithium - Study into Effects and Side Effects) retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between 1997 and 2017, patients in the Swedish region of Norrbotten with a diagnosis of bipolar or schizoaffective disorder were screened for all episodes of overt hyperthyroidism in form of thyrotoxicosis or thyroiditis. Incidence rates of episodes of hyperthyroidism per 1000 person-years (PY) were compared in relation to lithium exposure; concurrent, previous, or no exposure ever (lithium-naïve patients).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 1562 patients, we identified 16 episodes of hyperthyroidism corresponding to an incidence rate of 0.88 episodes per 1000 PY. Ninety-four percent of episodes had occurred in women. Patients who had concurrently been exposed to lithium, had an incidence rate of 1.35 episodes per 1000 PY. Patients who had previously been exposed to lithium had an incidence rate of 0.79 per 1000 PY. Patients who had never been exposed to lithium had an incidence rate of 0.47 per 1000 PY. There were no significant differences in the risk ratios for patients with concurrent or previous exposure compared with lithium-naïve patients, neither for hyperthyroidism overall, thyrotoxicosis, or thyroiditis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lithium-associated hyperthyroidism seems uncommon. The risk of hyperthyroidism does not seem significantly higher in patients with current or previous lithium exposure than in lithium-naïve patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9912559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10707044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing gradual, hyperbolic tapering of long-acting injectable antipsychotics by prolonging the inter-dose interval: an <i>in silico</i> modelling study.","authors":"James R O'Neill,&nbsp;David M Taylor,&nbsp;Mark A Horowitz","doi":"10.1177/20451253231198463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231198463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gradual, hyperbolic tapering has been proposed as a method to reduce the risk of withdrawal effects and potential relapse of an underlying condition by minimising disruption of existing equilibria. We applied hyperbolic tapering principles <i>in silico</i> to long-acting aripiprazole to generate regimens for withdrawal in clinical practice. We derived thresholds for taper rates using existing studies and consensus. Using pharmacokinetic data for aripiprazole long-acting injectable antipsychotic (ALAI), we conducted <i>in silico</i> modelling to examine the impact of abrupt cessation of long-acting injectable antipsychotic (LAI) medication and the effect of prolonging inter-dose interval on plasma aripiprazole levels and consequent D₂ occupancy. We also modelled transitions from LAI medication to oral medication. Regimens were designed to afford a rate of reduction between 5 and 12.5 percentage points of D₂ occupancy per month. Abrupt discontinuation of ALAI was shown to lead to a maximal D₂ occupancy reduction of 16.8 percentage points per month; prolongation of the inter-dose interval of ALAI produced a slower reduction. Specifically, hyperbolic tapering was afforded by prolongation of a 400 mg ALAI inter-dose interval from 4 to 7 weeks, before reducing the dose to 300 mg ALAI. This could then be administered at up to 4-week (for 6% maximal D₂ occupancy change), 6-week (9% change) or 7-week (11% change) intervals. Switching to oral medication - 5, 2.5 and 1.25 mg for the three regimens, respectively - is required for ALAI to complete full cessation to prevent too rapid a reduction in D₂ occupancy. Oral medication should probably be maintained at a consistent dose for 3-6 months before further reductions to account for residual LAI being concurrently eliminated. Hyperbolic dose tapering is possible with ALAI through prolongation of the inter-dose interval and may reduce the risk of relapse compared to abrupt discontinuation of LAI medication.</p>","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/62/e1/10.1177_20451253231198463.PMC10501077.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10309170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-acting injectable antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar disorder: evidence from mirror-image studies.","authors":"Francesco Bartoli,&nbsp;Daniele Cavaleri,&nbsp;Christian Nasti,&nbsp;Dario Palpella,&nbsp;Pierluca Guzzi,&nbsp;Ilaria Riboldi,&nbsp;Cristina Crocamo,&nbsp;Sofia Pappa,&nbsp;Giuseppe Carrà","doi":"10.1177/20451253231163682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231163682","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical trials and real-world data have shown that long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) might be an effective therapeutic option also for people with bipolar disorder (BD). However, complementing evidence from mirror-image studies investigating LAIs in BD is scattered and has not been systematically evaluated so far. We thus performed a review of observational mirror-image studies testing the effectiveness of LAI treatment on clinical outcomes in people with BD. Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo electronic databases were systematically searched (via Ovid) up to November 2022. We included six mirror-image studies that compared relevant clinical outcomes between the 12-months after (post-treatment period) and the 12-months before (pre-treatment period) the initiation of a LAI treatment in adults with BD. We found that LAI treatment is associated with a significant reduction in days spent in hospital and number of hospitalizations. Moreover, LAI treatment seems to be associated with a significant decrease in the proportion of individuals with at least one hospital admission, even though data on this outcome were reported by just two studies. In addition, studies consistently estimated a significant reduction of hypo-/manic relapses after LAI treatment initiation, while the effect of LAIs for depressive episodes is less clear. Finally, LAI treatment initiation was associated with a lower number of emergency department visits in the year after LAI initiation. The findings of this review seem to suggest that the use of LAIs is an effective strategy to improve major clinical outcomes in people with BD. Nonetheless, additional research, based on standardized assessments of prevalent polarity and relapses, is needed to identify the clinical characteristics of individuals with BD who are most likely to benefit from a LAI treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/37/43/10.1177_20451253231163682.PMC10041584.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9274687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-dose olanzapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review.","authors":"Louisa Gannon,&nbsp;John Reynolds,&nbsp;Martin Mahon,&nbsp;Fiona Gaughran,&nbsp;John Lally","doi":"10.1177/20451253231168788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231168788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) affects approximately 30% of people with schizophrenia. Clozapine is the gold standard treatment for TRS but is not always suitable, with a proportion of individuals intolerant of side effects or unable to engage in necessary blood monitoring. Given the profound impact TRS can have on those affected, alternative pharmacological approaches to care are needed.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To review the literature on the efficacy and tolerability of high-dose olanzapine (>20 mg daily) in adults with TRS.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This is a systematic review.</p><p><strong>Data sources and methods: </strong>We searched for eligible trials published prior to April 2022 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria [five randomised controlled trials (RCTs), one randomised crossover trial and four open label studies]. Data were extracted for predefined primary outcomes (efficacy, tolerability).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with standard treatment, high-dose olanzapine was non-inferior in four RCTs, three of which used clozapine as the comparator. Clozapine was superior to high-dose olanzapine in a double-blind crossover trial. Open-label studies demonstrated tentative evidence in support of high-dose olanzapine use. It was better tolerated than clozapine and chlorpromazine in two respective RCTs, and was generally well tolerated in open-label studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This evidence suggests high-dose olanzapine is superior for TRS when compared with other commonly used first- and second-generation antipsychotics, including haloperidol and risperidone. In comparison with clozapine, the data are encouraging for the use of high-dose olanzapine where clozapine use is problematic, but larger, better designed trials are needed to assess the comparative efficacy of both treatments. There is insufficient evidence to consider high-dose olanzapine equivalent to clozapine when clozapine is not contraindicated. Overall, high-dose olanzapine was well tolerated, with no serious side effects.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>This systematic review was preregistered with PROSPERO [CRD42022312817].</p>","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5a/64/10.1177_20451253231168788.PMC10176543.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9480257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum cytokine variations among inpatients with major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia <i>versus</i> healthy controls: a prospective 'true-to-life' study.","authors":"Antonio Augusto Schmitt Junior,&nbsp;Lucas Primo de Carvalho Alves,&nbsp;Barbara Larissa Padilha,&nbsp;Neusa Sica da Rocha","doi":"10.1177/20451253221135463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253221135463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is increasing evidence of the association between chronic low-grade inflammation and severe mental illness (SMI). The objective of our study was to assess serum cytokine levels (SCLs) at admission and discharge in a true-to-life-setting population of inpatients with major depression (MD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (Sz), as well as of healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We considered MD, BD, and Sz to be SMIs. We evaluated 206 inpatients [MD, <i>N</i> = 92; BD, <i>N</i> = 26; mania (Ma), <i>N</i> = 44; Sz, <i>N</i> = 44). Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze variations in SCL [interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17] at hospital admission and discharge. Results of 100 healthy controls were compared with those of SMI patients at both time points. We evaluated patients' improvement during in-hospital treatment in terms of general psychiatric symptoms, global clinical impression, functionality, and manic and depressive symptoms with validated scales.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all, 68.9% of patients completed the study. Overall, SMI inpatients had higher SCL when compared with controls regardless of diagnosis. There was a significant decrease in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) scores, and an increase in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores for all disorders evaluated (<i>p</i> < 0.001), as well as a significant decrease in HDRS-17 scores among MD inpatients (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and in YMRS scores among Ma inpatients (<i>p</i> < 0.001). IL-2 and IL-6 levels decreased significantly between admission and discharge only among MD inpatients (<i>p</i> = 0.002 and <i>p</i> = 0.03, respectively). We found no further statistically significant changes in SCL among the remaining disorders (BD, Ma, and Sz). There was no significant decrease in IFN-γ (<i>p</i> = 0.64), TNF-α (<i>p</i> = 0.87), IL-4 (<i>p</i> = 0.21), IL-10 (<i>p</i> = 0.88), and IL-17 (<i>p</i> = 0.71) levels in any of the evaluated diagnoses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MD inpatients had a decrease in IL-2 and IL-6 levels during hospitalization, which was accompanied by clinical improvement. No associations were found for the remaining SMIs (BD, Ma, and Sz).</p>","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/46/c5/10.1177_20451253221135463.PMC9940172.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10765946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The place of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia.","authors":"John M Kane,&nbsp;Jose M Rubio","doi":"10.1177/20451253231157219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231157219","url":null,"abstract":"Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). TherapeuTic advances in psychopharmacology","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7e/14/10.1177_20451253231157219.PMC9989392.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9412466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The psychedelic afterglow phenomenon: a systematic review of subacute effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics.","authors":"Ricarda Evens,&nbsp;Marianna Elisa Schmidt,&nbsp;Tomislav Majić,&nbsp;Timo Torsten Schmidt","doi":"10.1177/20451253231172254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231172254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Classic serotonergic psychedelics have anecdotally been reported to show a characteristic pattern of subacute effects that persist after the acute effects of the substance have subsided. These transient effects, sometimes labeled as the 'psychedelic afterglow', have been suggested to be associated with enhanced effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions in the subacute period.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This systematic review provides an overview of subacute effects of psychedelics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection) were searched for studies that assessed the effects of psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, mescaline, or ayahuasca) on psychological outcome measures and subacute adverse effects in human adults between 1950 and August 2021, occurring between 1 day and 1 month after drug use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-eight studies including a total number of 1,774 participants were eligible for review. Taken together, the following subacute effects were observed: reductions in different psychopathological symptoms; increases in wellbeing, mood, mindfulness, social measures, spirituality, and positive behavioral changes; mixed changes in personality/values/attitudes, and creativity/flexibility. Subacute adverse effects comprised a wide range of complaints, including headaches, sleep disturbances, and individual cases of increased psychological distress.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Results support narrative reports of a subacute psychedelic 'afterglow' phenomenon comprising potentially beneficial changes in the perception of self, others, and the environment. Subacute adverse events were mild to severe, and no serious adverse events were reported. Many studies, however, lacked a standardized assessment of adverse effects. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of possible moderator variables and to reveal if and how positive effects from the subacute window may consolidate into long-term mental health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10240558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9645602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential of ketamine for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of clinical evidence.","authors":"Anya Ragnhildstveit,&nbsp;Jeremy Roscoe,&nbsp;Lisa C Bass,&nbsp;Christopher L Averill,&nbsp;Chadi G Abdallah,&nbsp;Lynnette A Averill","doi":"10.1177/20451253231154125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231154125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating condition, for which there are few pharmacological agents, often with a delayed onset of action and poor efficacy. Trauma-focused psychotherapies are further limited by few trained providers and low patient engagement. This frequently results in disease chronicity as well as psychiatric and medical comorbidity, with considerable negative impact on quality of life. As such, off-label interventions are commonly used for PTSD, particularly in chronic refractory cases. Ketamine, an <i>N</i>-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) receptor antagonist, has recently been indicated for major depression, exhibiting rapid and robust antidepressant effects. It also shows transdiagnostic potential for an array of psychiatric disorders. Here, we synthesize clinical evidence on ketamine in PTSD, spanning case reports, chart reviews, open-label studies, and randomized trials. Overall, there is high heterogeneity in clinical presentation and pharmacological approach, yet encouraging signals of therapeutic safety, efficacy, and durability. Avenues for future research are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6f/5e/10.1177_20451253231154125.PMC9989422.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9507229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antipsychotics and structural brain changes: could treatment adherence explain the discrepant findings?","authors":"Robin Emsley","doi":"10.1177/20451253231195258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231195258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Progressive structural brain changes are well documented in schizophrenia and have been linked to both illness progression and the extent of antipsychotic treatment exposure. Literature reporting longitudinal changes in brain structure in individuals with schizophrenia is selectively reviewed to assess the roles of illness, antipsychotic treatment, adherence and other factors in the genesis of these changes. This narrative review considers literature investigating longitudinal changes in brain structure in individuals with schizophrenia. The review focusses on structural changes in the cortex, basal ganglia and white matter. It also examines effects of medication non-adherence and relapse on the clinical course of the illness and on structural brain changes. Studies investigating structural magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics are reviewed. Temporal changes in brain structure in schizophrenia can be divided into those that are associated with antipsychotic treatment and those that are not. Changes associated with treatment include increases in basal ganglia and white matter volumes. Relapse episodes may be a critical factor in illness progression and brain volume reductions. Medication adherence may be an important factor that could explain the findings that brain volume reductions are associated with poor treatment response, higher intensity of antipsychotic treatment exposure and more time spent in relapse. Improved adherence <i>via</i> long-acting injectable antipsychotics and adherence focussed psychosocial interventions could maximize protective effects of antipsychotics against illness progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/55/8b/10.1177_20451253231195258.PMC10493054.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10244977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tardive dyskinesia: understanding current challenges in diagnosis and treatment.","authors":"David Taylor,&nbsp;Koichiro Watanabe","doi":"10.1177/20451253221144347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253221144347","url":null,"abstract":"TD underlie the need for further research and accumulation of evidence to inform best practice. Given that it is difficult for clinicians to diagnose TD based solely on brief visits at the clinic, at which patients may be nervous or embarrassed about discussing symptoms, it is the authors’ hope that not only physicians but also other medical staff, caregivers, and patients alike can all play a role in monitoring for TD.","PeriodicalId":23127,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8d/6e/10.1177_20451253221144347.PMC9893378.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10650615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}