Health Care Law & Policy eJournal最新文献_第7页

Crossing Boundaries: Legal Education and the Challenge of the New Public Interest Law 跨界:法律教育与新公益法的挑战

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2004-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.896761

L. Trubek

引用次数: 21

Walgreens' Transparency Issue 沃尔格林的透明度问题

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2003-11-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2849542

L. Abrams

{"title":"Walgreens' Transparency Issue","authors":"L. Abrams","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2849542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2849542","url":null,"abstract":"When the tax-financed share of an industry’s revenue approaches 50%, a company will often find that its financial statements are held to a higher standard. That higher standard is often labeled “transparency”. With the recent extension of Medicare to cover outpatient prescriptions of the elderly, it is expected that the tax-financed portion of expenditures on outpatient drug prescriptions will approach 50%.The purpose of this paper is to raise the transparency issue with regard to a major institution in the pharmaceutical supply chain – Walgreens – the dominant retail chain drugstore in the country. The key result is that in 2003, there was considerable disparity between the net profitability of Walgreens front store operations – 1.4 % -- and the net profitability of its pharmacy operations – 8.3%. The front store drives a disproportionate share of Walgreens labor and occupancy operating expenses – 61.5% -- versus 38.5% for the pharmacy operation.Even though the front store enjoys a higher gross profit margin than the pharmacy – 36.1% versus 21.6% -- it incurs an even greater operating expense margin – 34.6% versus 13.3%. This disparity may be interpreted as a cross-subsidy and that this may become an issue as Medicare is extended to cover outpatient prescriptions of the elderly.","PeriodicalId":230649,"journal":{"name":"Health Care Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131142619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Napsterizing" Pharmaceuticals: Access, Innovation, and Consumer Welfare “Napsterizing”药品:获取、创新和消费者福利

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.3386/W9229

James W. Hughes, Michael J. Moore, Edward A. Snyder

{"title":"\"Napsterizing\" Pharmaceuticals: Access, Innovation, and Consumer Welfare","authors":"James W. Hughes, Michael J. Moore, Edward A. Snyder","doi":"10.3386/W9229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W9229","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the effects on consumers of an extreme policy experiment -- Napsterizing' pharmaceuticals -- whereby all patent rights on branded prescription drugs are eliminated for both existing and future prescription drugs without compensation to the patent holders. The question of whether this policy maximizes consumer welfare cannot be resolved on an a priori basis due to an obvious tradeoff: While accelerating generic entry will yield substantial gains in consumer surplus associated with greater access to the current stock of pharmaceuticals, future consumers will be harmed by reducing the flow of new pharmaceuticals to the market. Our estimates of the consumer surpluses at stake are based on the stylized facts concerning how generic entry has affected prices, outputs, and market shares. We find that providing greater access to the current stock of prescription drugs yields large benefits to existing consumers. However, realizing those benefits has a substantially greater cost in terms of lost consumer benefits from reductions in the flow of new drugs. Specifically, the model yields the result that for every dollar in consumer benefit realized from providing greater access to the current stock, future consumers would be harmed at a rate of three dollars in present value terms from reduced future innovation. We obtain this result even accounting for the stylized fact that after generic entry branded drugs continue to earn significant price premia over generic products and hence recognizing that Napsterizing does not completely eliminate the incentives to innovate.","PeriodicalId":230649,"journal":{"name":"Health Care Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123899763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 46

Toward a Framework for Improving Health Care Financing for an Aging Population: The Case of Israel 为改善老龄化人口的医疗保健融资建立框架:以色列的案例

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.3386/W8415

D. Chernichovsky, S. Markowitz

{"title":"Toward a Framework for Improving Health Care Financing for an Aging Population: The Case of Israel","authors":"D. Chernichovsky, S. Markowitz","doi":"10.3386/W8415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W8415","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional wisdom is that because at any time the aged cost more than the young, there is a positive relationship between aging and health care spending. It is hard, however, to find evidence that aging correlates positively with such spending. Intrigued by the puzzle, we account for the factors that contribute to changes of the age distribution of medical costs and their potential effect on aggregate cost. As changes in costs are not age neutral, the health system needs to facilitate a dynamic shift of resources from those whose relative cost rise less -- the young -- to those whose relative costs rise more -- the old. As there is an apparent market failure associated with uncertainty about growth in longevity (no market for 'death insurance'), the private market does not seem to effectively facilitate this shift. Aging, and its known correlates and antecedents produce a complex picture about the potential effect of aging on total cost of medical care in Israel. Shifting morbidity and mortality to older age can lower cost of care, all other things equal. Growth in incomes and insurance coverage are likely to increase use of care particularly amongst the old. Rising levels of education would have the opposite effect, but among the relatively young. The effect of a key element, technology, remains unknown. The Israeli experience also points to the advantages of a unified publicly financed health system with a timely allocation mechanism.","PeriodicalId":230649,"journal":{"name":"Health Care Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124061264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Does Public Insurance Improve the Efficiency of Medical Care? Medicaid Expansions and Child Hospitalizations 公共保险提高医疗效率了吗?扩大医疗补助和儿童住院治疗

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2000-02-01 DOI: 10.3386/W7555

Leemore S. Dafny, J. Gruber

引用次数: 28

Tobacco Advertising: Economic Theory and International Evidence 烟草广告:经济理论和国际证据

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 1999-02-01 DOI: 10.3386/W6958

H. Saffer, F. Chaloupka

{"title":"Tobacco Advertising: Economic Theory and International Evidence","authors":"H. Saffer, F. Chaloupka","doi":"10.3386/W6958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W6958","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco advertising is a public health issue if these activities increase smoking. Although public health advocates assert that tobacco advertising does increase smoking, there is significant empirical literature that finds little or no effect of tobacco advertising on smoking. In this paper, these prior studies are examined more closely with several important insights emerging from this analysis. This paper also provides new empirical evidence on the effect of tobacco advertising. The primary conclusion of this research is that a comprehensive set of tobacco advertising bans can reduce tobacco consumption and that a limited set of tobacco advertising bans will have little of no effect. The regression results indicate that a comprehensive set of tobacco advertising bans can reduce consumption by 6.3 percent. The regression results also indicate that the new European Commission directive tobacco advertising in the EC countries, will reduce tobacco consumption by about 6.9 percent on average in the EC. The regression results also indicate that the ban on outdoor advertising included in the US tobacco industry state level settlement will probably not result in much change in advertising expenditures nor in tobacco use. Under the settlement industry would also contribute $1.5 billion over five years for public education on tobacco use. This counteradvertising could reduce tobacco use by about two percent.","PeriodicalId":230649,"journal":{"name":"Health Care Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124492781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 67

The Health Care System of the People's Republic of China: Between Privatization and Public Health Care 中华人民共和国的医疗保健制度:在私有化与公共医疗之间

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/issr.12004

Dong-mei Liu, B. Darimont

引用次数: 15

Moral Force in the Rule of Law: Morality behind Abortion Laws and Right to Life of Foetus – in Context of Savita’s Case 法治中的道德力量:堕胎法与胎儿生命权背后的道德——以萨维塔案为例

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3661489

Dr. Om Prakash Gautam

{"title":"Moral Force in the Rule of Law: Morality behind Abortion Laws and Right to Life of Foetus – in Context of Savita’s Case","authors":"Dr. Om Prakash Gautam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3661489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3661489","url":null,"abstract":"Medically, three distinct terms viz. abortion, miscarriage and premature labour, are used to denote the expulsion of a foetus at different stages of gestation. Thus a term, abortion, is used only when an ovum is expelled within the first three months of pregnancy, before the placenta is formed. Miscarriage is used when a foetus is expelled from the fourth to the seventh month of gestation, before it is viable, while premature labour is the delivery of a viable child possibly capable of being reared, before it has become fully mature. Section 312 IPC made causing miscarriage an offence except in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the woman without laying down the manner in which pregnancy could be medically terminated. Section 3 of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 provides the guidelines or limitation within which the pregnancy could be terminated. A compromise which guarantees both protection of foetus as well as the freedom of abortion of a pregnant woman is impossible because termination of pregnancy always means “destruction of unborn life”. The legal order cannot, therefore, make a woman's self-determination, the principle of its regulations. On the other hand, protection of foetus must be given priority to the woman's right of self-determination.","PeriodicalId":230649,"journal":{"name":"Health Care Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130153698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Independence Is the New Health 独立是新的健康

Health Care Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3401253

Laura D. Hermer

{"title":"Independence Is the New Health","authors":"Laura D. Hermer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3401253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3401253","url":null,"abstract":"Medicaid plays key roles in supporting our nation’s health. Under the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid took an even more central position in public health endeavors by extending coverage in all interested states to millions of adults who typically fell through the health care cracks. Nevertheless, the Trump administration is now undoing these gains by actively encouraging states to curtail access to Medicaid in key respects while using the rhetoric of health. This article examines Trump administration efforts in two contexts: (1) state § 1115 waiver applications seeking to better align their Medicaid programs with cash welfare and food stamp programs, and (2) changes to Medicaid funding for contraceptive and other reproductive health services. It concludes that, to better protect Medicaid and strengthen public support for it, it may make more sense to focus not on granular medical outcomes when evaluating Medicaid’s success, but rather on the larger role it plays in supporting beneficiaries’ lives. The Trump administration is right that independence is healthy. However, it is difficult to be independent if one lacks health, or faces financial ruin if one needs healthcare, or has unreasonable or nonexistent family planning and reproductive health choices. Evidence suggests that stable, secure access to coverage via Medicaid, as one piece of our safety net, makes beneficiaries feel more emotionally and financially secure and provides them improved access to needed services. As such, if Medicaid were allowed to remain both expansive and stable, we may reasonably expect gradually to see more stability in communities supported by Medicaid and other social supports, and more freedom of opportunity for beneficiaries and their families. Such a strategy would call the Trump administration on its own rhetoric while providing working-class Trump supporters, among many others, with means to help attain their desired ends.","PeriodicalId":230649,"journal":{"name":"Health Care Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134173440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0