Therapeutic Drug Monitoring最新文献

{"title":"Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography With Ultraviolet Detection Method to Facilitate Therapeutic Monitoring of Teicoplanin Using Dried Blood Spots.","authors":"Ola Ramadan, Patrick Opitz, Georg Hempel","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001202","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In neonatal and pediatric intensive care units, Gram -positive infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The increase in infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci have led to the increased use of glycopeptides, which treat invasive infections caused by Gram -positive organisms, particularly those resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. Teicoplanin has bacteriostatic activity against Gram -positive bacteria, but its pharmacokinetics in children is highly variable, with most children failing to reach target levels at the recommended dose. This study aimed to develop a cost-effective method for determining concentrations using dried blood spot (DBS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A method to determine the concentrations of teicoplanin in 20 µL blood or plasma using the Whatman 903 Protein Saver filter was evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/vis was used, with internal standard ketoconazole. In addition, a method to quantify teicoplanin using 50 µL of liquid plasma was established to compare the results with the values obtained by DBS and dried plasma methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The method was successfully developed and validated for 20 µL DBS. Furthermore, 50 µL of plasma was used to quantify teicoplanin with a lower limit of quantification of 10 mg/L. Precision and accuracy ranged from 2.3% to 10.7% and 95%-114.2%, respectively. A consistent factor (1.15) was used to calculate teicoplanin plasma concentrations from whole blood, indicating the reliability of the DBS method for therapeutic drug monitoring of teicoplanin.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A simple, reliable, and cost-effective method using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/vis was established to determine pediatric teicoplanin concentrations in both small plasma sample volumes and whole blood using DBS, and an accurate correlation factor for estimating teicoplanin plasma concentrations from DBS was identified. This method is suitable for the use in pediatrics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":"627-633"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141451622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose Estimation Utility in a Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Inhaled Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis Market Products in Occasional and Daily Users.","authors":"Thomas K Henthorn, George S Wang, Greg Dooley, Ashley Brooks-Russell, Julia Wrobel, Sarah Limbacher, Michael Kosnett","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001224","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unusually high variability in blood Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations have been observed in subjects inhaling similar cannabis products over similar time periods when consumption is ad libitum. This makes simple gravimetric dose estimation a poor predictor of THC exposure. Population pharmacokinetic analyses of blood THC concentration versus time data are routinely used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. The aim of this study was to estimate the inhaled dose of THC in occasional and daily users of high potency market cannabis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood THC concentrations were measured for 135 minutes from 29 participants who either smoked high concentration flower or inhaled concentrates ad libitum during a 15-minute session. Frequent blood samples were obtained over the following 135 minutes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The estimated central and rapidly equilibrating volumes of distribution of a 3-compartment model were 19.9 ± 1.2 and 51.6 ± 4.7 L whereas the intercompartmental clearances were 1.65 ± 0.14 and 1.75 ± 0.10 L/min, respectively. Covariate-adjusted analysis revealed that the estimated inhaled THC dose was considerably less among occasional users compared with daily users.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Three-compartment pharmacokinetics of THC did not differ among the 3 user groups, and the early phase (first 135 minutes postinception of inhalation) kinetics were similar to those previously described after smoking low potency cannabis products. Therefore, inhaled THC dose can be estimated from pharmacokinetic data and covariate-driven adjustments can be used to estimate THC doses, based on the participant cannabis usage pattern (occasional versus daily), improving the accuracy of THC exposure estimates compared with those derived from weighed THC content alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":"672-680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11389879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Versus Intermittent Administration of Meropenem in Critically Ill Patients.","authors":"Manon Launay, Sophie Perinel-Ragey, Guillaume Thiery","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001181","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001181","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":"692-693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141477501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing Pharmacogenetic Testing as a Risk Reduction Strategy for Drug Users: A Letter to the Editor.","authors":"Guillaume Drevin, Marie Briet, Chadi Abbara","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000001262","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Spectrometry Method for Ampicillin and its Application in Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Intensive Care Patients.","authors":"Benedict Morath, Linda Schultes, Otto Roman Frey, Anka Christa Röhr, Hannes Christow, Torsten Hoppe-Tichy, Alexander Brinkmann, Ute Chiriac","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000001253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ampicillin/sulbactam, a combination of a β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor, is widely used in clinical settings. However, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of ampicillin is not commonly performed, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a rapid and cost-effective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet spectrometry method to quantify ampicillin in human serum and evaluate its clinical application in ICU patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sample cleanup included a protein precipitation protocol, followed by chromatographic separation on a C18 reverse-phase HPLC column within 12.5 minutes using gradient elution of the mobile phase. The assay was validated according to the German Society of Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry criteria. Clinical applications involved the retrospective analysis of TDM data from ICU patients receiving continuous infusion of ampicillin/sulbactam, including the attainment of target ranges and individual predicted and observed pharmacokinetics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The method was robust, with linear relations between the peak area responses and drug concentrations in the range of 2-128 mg/L. The coefficient of variation for precision and the bias for accuracy (both interday and intraday) were less than 10%. Clinical application revealed variable pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in ICU patients (clearance of 0.5-31.2 L/h). TDM-guided dose adjustments achieved good therapeutic drug exposure, with 92.9% of the samples being within the optimal (16-32 mg/L) or quasioptimal (8-48 mg/L) range.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This method provides a practical solution for the routine TDM of ampicillin, facilitating individualized dosing strategies to ensure adequate therapeutic drug exposure. Given its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and clinical relevance, HPLC-ultraviolet spectrometry holds promise for broad implementation in hospital pharmacies and clinical laboratories.</p>","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daptomycin Dosage Optimization in Renal Impairment Using Model-Informed Precision Dosing.","authors":"Hamza Sayadi, Yeleen Fromage, Marc Labriffe, Clément Danthu, Caroline Monchaud, Jean-Baptiste Woillard","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000001256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Daptomycin's efficacy and toxicity are closely related to its exposure, which can vary widely among individuals. The patient, a 59-year-old male with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 12 mL/min/1.73 m² and a weight of 64 kg, was treated with 850 mg of daptomycin every other day for infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). For patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m², the dosing recommendations are not explicitly defined in the endocarditis guidelines. Subsequently, the pharmacology department was contacted to adjust the dosage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population pharmacokinetic model developed by Dvorchik et al. was used for Bayesian estimation of the patient's pharmacokinetic parameters. The 24-hour area under the curve (AUC24) of daptomycin was calculated at steady state using peak and trough plasma samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the MRSA strain was 0.25 mg/L. An AUC24/MIC ratio below 666 is associated with higher mortality risk, while an AUC24 above 939 h·mg/L correlates with increased risk of muscular toxicity. Initial AUC24 estimation was 1091 h·mg/L. Following a dosage reduction to 700 mg every other day, the AUC24 increased to 1600 h·mg/L. Further reduction to 500 mg every other day brought the AUC24 down to 750 h mg/L, with two subsequent measurements showing consistent AUC24 values of 500 h·mg/L, which is within the target range.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Daptomycin ended 6 weeks after the initial negative blood culture, with no adverse effects or recurrence of MRSA infection. This case underscores the need for therapeutic drug monitoring and a multidisciplinary approach to adjust daptomycin doses in patients with renal impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Pyrazinamide Among Chinese Patients With Drug-Sensitive or Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.","authors":"Shuyan Chen, Weiqiao Rao, Liang Fu, Guohui Liu, Jiancong Zhang, Yunli Liao, Ning Lv, Guofang Deng, Shijin Yang, Liang Lin, Lujin Li, Jiuxin Qu, Siqi Liu, Jin Zou","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000001255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pyrazinamide is used to treat drug-susceptible (DS) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to characterize the factors associated with the pharmacokinetic parameters of pyrazinamide and evaluate the disposition of the current regimen, which could provide suggestions for adequate dosing strategies for therapeutic targets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population pharmacokinetic model of pyrazinamide was developed based on the data from 499 plasma concentrations from 222 Chinese patients diagnosed with DS or MDR TB. Pyrazinamide exposure was best described using a one-compartment model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters between DS and MDR TB. The final covariate model showed that total body weight was the only significant covariate for apparent clearance, which increased by 0.45 L/h with a 10 kg increase in body weight. A simulation showed that for typical subjects weighing 40-80 kg, a fixed dosage of 1500 mg daily had an area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0-24) of 389.9-716.0 mg·h/L and peak serum concentrations of the drug (Cmax) of 32.2-44.8 mg/L.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Fixed pyrazinamide doses of 1500, 1750, and 2000 mg are recommended for patients weighing 40-70, 70-80, and 80-90 kg, respectively, to achieve the exposure targets of AUC0-24 > 363 mg·h/L or Cmax > 35 mg/L to attain efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142143380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessment of Valganciclovir in Infants With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.","authors":"Kotaro Itohara, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Shunsuke Fujinaka, Mari Hashimoto, Naoki Tamura, Yumi Kitahiro, Tomohiro Omura, Kazumichi Fujioka, Ikuko Yano","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000001257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Valganciclovir (VGCV) is administered at a dose of 16 mg/kg 2 times daily for 6 months to treat symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. During the treatment period, approximately 20% of the patients developed grade 3 or higher neutropenia. Currently, information on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ganciclovir, an active metabolite of VGCV, in infants is limited. In the current study, the relationship between ganciclovir concentration and neutropenia was investigated, and a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of ganciclovir in infants with symptomatic congenital CMV infection was developed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Japanese infants who were prescribed oral VGCV for symptomatic congenital CMV infections between July 2017 and January 2021 were included. The relationship between the observed trough ganciclovir concentrations and neutrophil counts was examined. PPK analysis was performed to evaluate the covariates affecting the pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven ganciclovir serum samples from 8 patients were analyzed. A moderate negative correlation was observed between the observed trough ganciclovir concentration and neutrophil count. PPK model analysis showed that postmenstrual age (PMA) affected the total body clearance of ganciclovir after correcting for the empirical allometric scaling of body weight. Based on PMA and body weight, a nomogram to achieve the target area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours of 40-60 mcg·h·mL-1 of ganciclovir was calculated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The relationship between neutrophil count and ganciclovir trough concentration in infants was clarified. The PPK model showed that the dose of VGCV should be reduced in patients with a low PMA to achieve target exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Plasma Cabozantinib Concentration With Treatment Response and Adverse Events in Japanese Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Shinichi Maruyama, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Tatsuru Hiraga, Tadatsugu Anno, Tansei Sanjo, Masashi Arai, Masaru Ishida, Hiroshi Kanno, Masaru Kato","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000001254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cabozantinib is highly effective against advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, approximately 60% of the patients require a dose reduction due to severe adverse events. Although associations between trough concentrations of cabozantinib and its efficacy and safety have been reported in other countries, reports on Japanese patients are unavailable. Therefore, we investigated the association of cabozantinib trough concentration with therapeutic efficacy and adverse events in Japanese patients with RCC and evaluated the usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective observational study, we measured the trough concentrations of cabozantinib in 10 Japanese patients with RCC enrolled between May 2022 and September 2023. The associations of trough concentration with treatment response, as determined by RECIST 1.1, and the occurrence of grade 2 or higher adverse events were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Trough concentration was higher in patients with controlled cancer than in those with progressive cancer (1024 ± 352 versus 457 ± 216 ng/mL, P = 0.035). In addition, patients with grade 2 or higher adverse events showed a significantly higher trough concentration than those without (1560 ± 513 versus 807 ± 319 ng/mL, P = 0.032). In particular, grade 2 or higher dysgeusia, anorexia, fatigue, and dyspepsia significantly correlated with trough concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first clinical study to demonstrate a correlation between cabozantinib trough concentration, therapeutic efficacy, and adverse events in Japanese patients with RCC. The therapeutic drug monitoring of cabozantinib could be useful for improving therapeutic efficacy and avoiding serious adverse events.</p>","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dried Blood Spot Method Development and Clinical Validation for the Analysis of Elexacaftor, Elexacaftor-M23, Tezacaftor, Tezacaftor-M1, Ivacaftor, Ivacaftor Carboxylate, and Hydroxymethyl Ivacaftor Using LC-MS/MS.","authors":"Steffie E M Vonk, Marloes van der Meer-Vos, Renate Kos, Anne H Neerincx, Suzanne W J Terheggen-Lagro, Josje Altenburg, Anke H Maitland-van der Zee, Ron A A Mathôt, E Marleen Kemper","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001231","DOIUrl":"10.1097/FTD.0000000000001231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The highly effective Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) modulator, elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor, is now widely being used by people with cystic fibrosis. However, few independent studies have detailed the pharmacokinetics (PK) of CFTR modulators. Blood collection by venipuncture is the gold standard for PK measurements, but it is invasive. The aim of this study was to develop and clinically validate a quantification method for elexacaftor, tezacaftor, ivacaftor, and their main metabolites in dried blood spots (DBSs) using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, hematocrit (Hct), spot-to-spot carryover, spot volume, and extraction efficiency were validated in DBS for all analytes. The clinical validation of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor in patients was performed by comparing 21 DBS samples with matched plasma samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The preset requirements for linearity, within-run and between-run accuracy, precision, Hct, spot volume, and extraction efficiency were met. Puncher carryover was observed and resolved by punching 3 blanks after each sample. The samples remained stable and showed no notable degradation across the tested temperatures and time intervals. Corrected DBS values with the Passing-Bablok regression equation showed good agreement in Bland-Altman plots, and acceptance values were within 20% of the mean for a minimum of 67% of the repeats, according to the EMA guidelines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A quantification method for the analysis of elexacaftor, tezacaftor, ivacaftor, and their main metabolites was developed and clinically validated in DBS. This method could be valuable in both clinical care and research to address unanswered PK questions regarding CFTR modulators.</p>","PeriodicalId":23052,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11554243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141459470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}