Issues in Environmental Science and Technology最新文献

Chapter 5. Management of Electronic Waste in Africa 第五章。非洲电子废物管理

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00137

M. Bates, O. Osibanjo

引用次数: 1

Chapter 7. Traceability of Electronic Waste Using Blockchain Technology 第七章。利用区块链技术实现电子垃圾的可追溯性

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-09-06 DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00188

A. Dindarian, Sid Chakravarthy

引用次数: 5

Chapter 6. Electronic Waste Management in the Asia Pacific Region 第六章。亚太区的电子废物管理

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-09-06 DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00166

S. Ghosh

{"title":"Chapter 6. Electronic Waste Management in the Asia Pacific Region","authors":"S. Ghosh","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00166","url":null,"abstract":"The Asia-Pacific region, also referred to as APAC, describes more than 50 countries in East and South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. In 2013 the total population of APAC stood at 4.3 billion, almost 60% of the world's population. APAC includes the two most populous countries, China and India. Economic growth has seen the region experience a steep growth in both the consumption of electrical and electronic products and in the generation of electronic waste (e-waste). The export of e-waste emerged as an international issue in the early 2000s, following the exposure of crude, unsophisticated e-waste recycling practices in many, particularly developing, countries, including countries in the APAC region. As a complex and relatively recent waste stream, countries worldwide, including countries in APAC, have been introducing specific legislation to enforce sound environmental treatment of e-waste. As yet, only a minority of states have national and regional e-waste legislation in force, effective management requires the active engagement of a diverse set of actors, often spanning national borders. Many APAC countries are now implementing or contemplating restrictions or bans on the importation of e-waste, an action that is likely to have far-ranging consequences for the global movement of e-waste (principally from developed to developing nations) that has hitherto been the mainstay of e-waste management.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 6S 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115944063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Chapter 8. Electronics: A Broken Story about Production and Consumption 第八章。电子学:一个关于生产和消费的破碎故事

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-09-06 DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00213

S. Opris

{"title":"Chapter 8. Electronics: A Broken Story about Production and Consumption","authors":"S. Opris","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00213","url":null,"abstract":"Today's economy is based on production and consumption, with ever-increasing consumption representing our prosperity. Although the economic value, and especially the financial one, seems to be the most important measure for companies, consumers also focus on the social benefit consumption can bring them. The consequential stress placed on global resources and society is having serious consequences, leading to the growing problem of toxic electronic waste. This chapter examines the problems of the production and consumption of electronics, and of the sector's major stakeholders, in particular, companies and consumers. To analyse the sector on a lifecycle basis, from production to waste generation, the triple bottom line (TBL) approach is used, alongside a company supply chain and customer journey. It is concluded that while current supply chain strategies are effective techniques for increasing companies’ economic values, these strategies are generally built on the assumption of infinite resources, and marginalise social and environmental impacts, generating negative impacts along each step on the supply chain, ultimately leading to toxic electronic waste. Often, company involvement in social responsibility is sporadic. On the other hand, consumers display an attitude-behaviour gap, the discrepancy between avowed sustainability concerns and actual purchasing and consumption decisions. Actions by companies, consumers and policymakers are proposed to better balance the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainability.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130743396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chapter 2. Materials Used in Manufacturing Electrical and Electronic Products 第二章。制造电子电气产品用材料

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-09-06 DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00033

M. Goosey, E. Goosey

{"title":"Chapter 2. Materials Used in Manufacturing Electrical and Electronic Products","authors":"M. Goosey, E. Goosey","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00033","url":null,"abstract":"Since the last decade there have been many changes to legislation impacting the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), proscribing a wider range of input materials. The cases of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and brominated flame retardants in particular are examined. Product innovations have increasingly been made possible owing to the application of novel materials containing elements that are sometimes rare, expensive and in limited supply, so-called critical raw materials. This chapter discusses the issues surrounding the use of gallium, cobalt, tantalum, indium, antimony and silicon in EEE and in batteries. Along with the common thermoplastics, opportunities for closed loop or in-sector recycling exist but are currently not adequately exploited. The strengthening of key European Union Directives has required industry to adopt a more holistic approach to manufacture, with the emphasis being placed on all aspects of a product's lifecycle, from design to the end-of-life, with legislation and the economics of materials supply and lifecycle management being the key drivers for change. Applying ecodesign principles, which include materials selection, will lead to further integration of environmental considerations during the design and materials selection phases of a product. This will require changes in thinking and practice within the electronic and recycling industries which will address the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) challenge.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116021158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Chapter 3. A Circular Economy for Consumer Electronics 第三章。消费电子产品的循环经济

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-09-06 DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00066

Marco Meloni

{"title":"Chapter 3. A Circular Economy for Consumer Electronics","authors":"Marco Meloni","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00066","url":null,"abstract":"Almost 50 million tonnes of electronic waste are produced every year, exposing people and the environment to toxic substances such as lead, cadmium, chromium and brominated flame retardants, which can also accumulate in soils, water and food. This chapter explores electronic waste as a consequence of the current take-make-waste linear system and examines the benefits of shifting to a circular economy. A circular economy is an approach that entails gradually decoupling economic activity from the consumption of finite resources, and focuses on regenerating economic, human and natural capital. The transition towards a circular economy for electronics requires more than improved electronic waste management, it calls for creativity and innovation in design, reverse logistics, and business models. There are three essential ambitions that will facilitate this shift: (1) design, to keep products, components and materials in use for longer; (2) enhance reverse logistics, remanufacturing, parts harvesting and recycling processes; (3) put in place the right enabling conditions. This chapter tracks current progress in these fields, and showcases examples of designs, products and initiatives that are contributing to the transition. It also explores how the electronics sector itself can help accelerate the transition to the broader circular economy.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132774310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Chapter 4. An Overview of Electronic Waste Management in the UK 第四章。英国电子废物管理概述

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-09-06 DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00101

S. Reeve, G. Eduljee

{"title":"Chapter 4. An Overview of Electronic Waste Management in the UK","authors":"S. Reeve, G. Eduljee","doi":"10.1039/9781788018784-00101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788018784-00101","url":null,"abstract":"The UK's system for the management of electronic waste is driven by the imperatives of the EU's policy and legislative landscape. Although generally meeting targets for collection, reuse and recycling in previous years, the UK fell short of newly defined EU targets in 2017 and 2018, with collection rates for electronic waste below expectations and stagnating. Weaknesses identified in the present UK system include poor capture and reporting of unregistered non-obligated flows resulting in differences between the waste generated and waste collected, the presence of free-riders such as unregistered online retailers, and thefts from processing sites. Improving the robustness, granularity and responsiveness of data on obligated and unreported electronics across the supply chain is seen as a key priority in setting credible targets for obligated producers. England's Resources and Waste Strategy contains several positive commitments that represent a step change from previous strategies: a review of the relevant regulations; increased partnership working, incorporating ecodesign incentives into the producer responsibility regime; and developing a product assurance scheme with a certified mark. Coupled with high profile voluntary schemes formalising public commitments of big brands, the prospects for electronic waste management in the UK seem positive, with actions shared between the private, public and third sectors.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114579540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chapter 9. The Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries: Current and Potential Approaches 第9章。锂离子电池的回收:当前和潜在的方法

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-09-06 DOI: 10.1039/9781788018784-00246

R. Kellner, E. Goosey

引用次数: 2

Outdoor Air as a Source of Indoor Pollution 室外空气是室内污染源之一

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-08 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00035

O. Hänninen, P. Goodman

{"title":"Outdoor Air as a Source of Indoor Pollution","authors":"O. Hänninen, P. Goodman","doi":"10.1039/9781788016179-00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179-00035","url":null,"abstract":"Modern populations spend the majority of their time indoors. For the most active working age population, the fraction of time spent indoors is around 85%, whereas for small children and the sedentary elderly the figure approaches 100%. Indoor air is, of course, particularly affected by indoor sources. Nevertheless, outdoor air is a significant contributor to indoor levels of the main classical air pollutants such as ultrafine and fine particles and nitrogen oxides, and often the only source of others such as ozone and sulfur dioxide. Indoor air quality is created by complex processes that involve outdoor air, ventilation, building tightness, filtration, mixtures of pollution, occupant behaviour and indoor emission sources ranging through building materials, soil, occupants, and customer products and appliances used in the building. The literature shows convincingly that the role played by outdoor air is probably the most significant single factor at the population level. In developed countries, the building stock is relatively well insulated, affecting the air exchange rates and infiltration processes. This chapter presents an overview of recent evidence on infiltration rates of outdoor air pollution and processes that affect them.","PeriodicalId":230170,"journal":{"name":"Issues in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"1011 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133323078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Indoor Emissions as a Source of Outdoor Pollution 室内排放物作为室外污染源

Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-08 DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00097

S. Harrad

引用次数: 1