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On The Risks of Trusting Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Cybersecurity 信任人工智能的风险:以网络安全为例
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2020-11-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3730651
M. Taddeo
{"title":"On The Risks of Trusting Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Cybersecurity","authors":"M. Taddeo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3730651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3730651","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, I draw on my previous work on trust and cybersecurity to offer a definition of trust and trustworthiness to understand to what extent trusting AI for cybersecurity tasks is justified and what measures can be put in place to rely on AI in cases where trust is not justified, but the use of AI is still beneficial.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134533133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
A Cross-Country Study of Innovation and Religiosity 创新与宗教信仰的跨国研究
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2019-09-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3451502
J. Osiri, Boris Houenou, Robert Stein
{"title":"A Cross-Country Study of Innovation and Religiosity","authors":"J. Osiri, Boris Houenou, Robert Stein","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3451502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3451502","url":null,"abstract":"We look at the relationship between religion and innovation at the country level. Innovation is captured by the Global Innovation Index and certain innovation outputs. Religiosity is measured across 141 countries in terms of religious belonging, belief, and intolerance. In addition, we look at the effect of religion on patent applications and university-industry collaboration. Across all specifications, greater religiosity is negatively associated with innovation, with the strongest effects observed for religious intolerance. We find the negative relationship is robust to all religions, except for the Church of Sweden, where we see a strong position association.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126386393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The Role of Own-Group Density and Local Social Norms for Ethnic Marital Sorting: Evidence from the UK 族群密度和当地社会规范对族群婚姻分类的作用:来自英国的证据
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2019-05-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3184795
A. Vickery, Dan Anderberg
{"title":"The Role of Own-Group Density and Local Social Norms for Ethnic Marital Sorting: Evidence from the UK","authors":"A. Vickery, Dan Anderberg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3184795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3184795","url":null,"abstract":"We present a structural marriage market model where individuals differ in ethnicity and qualifications, and where marital choices are affected by social conformity preferences. The model is estimated using White, Black and Asian individuals born in the UK between 1965 and 1989, and is identified from regional demographic variation. We find strong preferences for marital sorting both on ethnicity and qualifications. Black and Asian individuals are more likely to marry intra-ethnically in regions where the own ethnicity share is relatively large. We further find evidence of significant social conformity preferences, implying substantial variation in marital social norms. Using the estimated model, we make predictions for a set of more recent cohorts, born between 1990 and 2006, whose marital choices are still to be completed. Due to their increased population shares, the proportions of Black and Asian individuals marrying within their own ethnic group are expected to increase and this effect is amplified by endogenously changing equilibrium social norms.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122510419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Legal Directives and Practical Reasons 法律指示和现实原因
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199659876.001.0001
Noam Gur
{"title":"Legal Directives and Practical Reasons","authors":"Noam Gur","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199659876.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199659876.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This book investigates law’s interaction with practical reasons. What difference can legal requirements—be they traffic rules, tax laws, work safety regulations, or others—make to normative reasons relevant to our action? The book critically examines some of the existing answers to that question and puts forward an alternative account. At the outset, two competing positions are pitted against each other: first, the view taken by Joseph Raz, that when the law satisfies certain conditions that endow it with legitimate authority, it acquires pre-emptive force, namely it constitutes reasons for action that exclude and take the place of some other reasons; second, an antithetical position, according to which legal requirements cannot exclude otherwise applicable reasons, but can at most provide us with reasons that operate, and compete with opposing reasons, in terms of their weight. These positions are examined from several perspectives, such as justified disobedience cases, law’s conduct-guiding function, and the phenomenology associated with authority. It is found that, although each of the above positions offers insight into the relation between law and practical reasons, they both suffer from significant flaws. These observations lay the basis on which, in the final part of the book, an alternative position is put forward and defended. On this position, the existence and operation of a reasonably just and well-functioning legal system constitutes some reasons that are neither ordinary reasons for action nor pre-emptive ones, but rather reasons to adopt an (overridable) disposition that inclines its possessor towards compliance with the system’s requirements.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132290107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Comment on White on the Relationship Between Economics and Ethics 论经济学与伦理学的关系
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2018-09-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3251903
John B. Davis
{"title":"Comment on White on the Relationship Between Economics and Ethics","authors":"John B. Davis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3251903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3251903","url":null,"abstract":"This short comment on Mark White’s comment on the relationship of economics and ethics focuses on the nature of economics and ethics as an emergent field of investigation. It discusses different types of between-discipline fields, and compares crossdisciplinary and transdisciplinary interpretations of economics and ethics. The ‘domestication’ thesis associated with borrowing across disciplines is examined in terms of the idea of a metaphorical transfers. Institutional constraints on between-discipline developments are evaluated relative to increasing specialization within and across disciplines. The transdisciplinary interpretation of economics and ethics is given a complexity theory explanation.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121488597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
A Theory of Self-Governance: De Facto Constitutions as Filters 自治理论:事实上的宪法作为过滤器
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2018-02-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3084099
A. Salter, Justin T. Callais
{"title":"A Theory of Self-Governance: De Facto Constitutions as Filters","authors":"A. Salter, Justin T. Callais","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3084099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3084099","url":null,"abstract":"What is self-governance, and under what sets of institutions is it possible? This article explores this question from the perspective of informal (de facto) constitutionalism. The dominant approach, grounded in formal constitutionalism, overlooks crucial institutional features that\u0000 determine whether governance is something done by individuals to themselves, as opposed to something done by some individuals to others. Understanding self-governance requires not only identifying the durable procedures for public decision-making, but also appreciating how these procedures\u0000 act as filters that select for the acquisition of political power by individuals with specific and predictable characteristics. The article develops a novel constitutional typology based on the structure of political property rights, on the one hand, and the kinds of individuals that govern,\u0000 on the other, and use this typology to discover the types of polities most likely to be self-governing.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114675860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social Security and Welfare Spending in Australia: Assessing Long-Term Trends 澳大利亚社会保障和福利支出:评估长期趋势
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2017-07-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3886255
P. Whiteford
{"title":"Social Security and Welfare Spending in Australia: Assessing Long-Term Trends","authors":"P. Whiteford","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3886255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3886255","url":null,"abstract":"This Policy Brief summarizes trends in spending on social security cash transfers and services in Australia since 1980; examines trends in the proportion of the population receiving different social security payments and compares Australian social security spending with other OECD countries.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124663516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The New Egalitarianism 新平均主义
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2017-01-09 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2896397
Adam Martin
{"title":"The New Egalitarianism","authors":"Adam Martin","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2896397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2896397","url":null,"abstract":"The New Egalitarianism is a strain of thought that draws heavily on critical theory and structuralism, arguing that disparities between groups are due to systemic oppression. This article argues that implementing New Egalitarian ideals in practice would involve transforming morality into an obscurantist epistocracy. The New Egalitarianism is epistocratic in that it relies on the existence of moral experts to determine which actions perpetuate systemic oppression and which advance equality. It is obscurantist in that New Egalitarians tend to question the standing of critics rather than engaging with the substance of their criticism. I contrast these tendencies with a Hayekian view of social morality, arguing that implementing New Egalitarian ideas may run afoul of the moral requirements of an extended social order.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115754061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Social Politics: Agenda Setting and Political Communication on Social Media 社会政治:社交媒体上的议程设置与政治传播
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2016-07-22 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47880-7_20
Xinxin Yang, Bo-Chiuan Chen, Mrinmoy Maity, Emilio Ferrara
{"title":"Social Politics: Agenda Setting and Political Communication on Social Media","authors":"Xinxin Yang, Bo-Chiuan Chen, Mrinmoy Maity, Emilio Ferrara","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-47880-7_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47880-7_20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115012438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
Политика Возраста. Анализ Поколенческой Стратификации Российского Общества (Age Policy. Analysis of Generational Stratification of Russian Society) ПолитикаВозраста。АнализПоколенческойСтратификацииРоссийскогоОбщества(年龄政策。俄罗斯社会代际分层分析
PRN: Social Norms & Institutions Pub Date : 2016-06-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2805393
A. Smolkin
{"title":"Политика Возраста. Анализ Поколенческой Стратификации Российского Общества (Age Policy. Analysis of Generational Stratification of Russian Society)","authors":"A. Smolkin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2805393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2805393","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В данной работе проводится анализ ключевых характеристик социального статуса пожилых людей в России. Ситуация межпоколенческих контактов в ряде случаев изначально оказывается потенциально-конфликтной: для молодежи характерны настороженно-безразличные аттитюды по отношению к пожилым людям. Негативные ожидания каждой из сторон помогают истолковывать всякие неоднозначные действия другого как потенциально конфликтные, что обостряет ситуацию, не оставляя место тому, что можно было бы описать как «нейтральное поведение». Ограниченность в средствах представителей третьего возраста способствует возникновению особых поведенческих практик, дающих тактическое преимущество, но потенциально способных понизить статус пожилого человека и способствовать закреплению негативных стереотипов о старости.English Abstract: In this paper, an analysis of the key characteristics of the social status of the elderly in Russia was made.The situation of intergenerational contacts in a number of cases initially is potentially a conflict: youth is characterized by cautious, indifferent attitudes towards older people. Negative expectations of each party to help interpret any ambiguous actions of the other as a potential conflict, which exacerbates the situation, leaving no place that could be described as \"neutral behavior.\" Restrictions on the media representatives of the third age contributes to a specific behavioral practices that give a tactical advantage, but the potential to lower the status of the elderly person and help to perpetuate negative stereotypes about old age.","PeriodicalId":229303,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Social Norms & Institutions","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122007284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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