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Metformin: Pros and Cons 二甲双胍:利弊
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99815
Shalini Sivadasan, Muthukumaravel Subramanian, R. Aiyalu
{"title":"Metformin: Pros and Cons","authors":"Shalini Sivadasan, Muthukumaravel Subramanian, R. Aiyalu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99815","url":null,"abstract":"Metformin was approved for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in 1958 for UK, in 1972 for Canada and in 1995 by FDA in USA. Metformin is the drug of choice for patients who are obese and have type 2 diabetes mellitus. Though metformin was at first proven to treat hyperglycemia, many other uses of metformin are proven to be effective. It is also used for gestational diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyper secretion of ovarian androgen, poly-cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), anti-psychotic therapy induced weight gain, cancer treatment and anti-aging. Metformin causes a decrease in appetite thus known to act on obesity. The other action of metformin is reduction of circulating levels of insulin and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) which is associated with anticancer action. There are ongoing researches about the effect of metformin on anti-aging properties and proved that metformin is linked with anti-aging factors. Three main factors that are related with aging are oxidation, glaciation and methylation. Metformin as all drugs, have unwanted effects as well. Many side effects of metformin are considered mild where lactic acidosis and vitamin B12 deficiency happens to be the major.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128987949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanisms of Action of Metformin 二甲双胍的作用机制
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2021-08-02 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99189
S. Mahmood
{"title":"Mechanisms of Action of Metformin","authors":"S. Mahmood","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.99189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99189","url":null,"abstract":"Metformin is the first-choice drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes notably those associated with obesity. It does not only reduce hyperglycemia, but also possesses pleiotropic effects opening the pave for numerous potential clinical applications. In this chapter we illustrate the various mechanisms of metformin action in reduction of hepatic glucose output, improvement of insulin action, restoration of fat metabolism and gut microbiome, reduction of inflammation, upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, and attenuation of tumor growth. Understanding of such mechanisms might propose further clinical applications for metformin.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125123699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
New Insight into Metformin Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application 二甲双胍作用机制及临床应用新认识
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2020-03-20 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91148
Yun Yan, K. Kover, W. Moore
{"title":"New Insight into Metformin Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application","authors":"Yun Yan, K. Kover, W. Moore","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91148","url":null,"abstract":"Metformin is the first-line medication for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment, and it is the only US FDA approved oral antidiabetic medication for pediatric patients with T2D 10 years and older. Metformin is also used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), another condition with underlying insulin resistance. The clinical applications of metformin are continuing to expand into other fields including cancer, aging, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Metformin modulates multiple biological pathways. Its novel properties and effects continue to evolve; however, its molecular mechanism of action remains incompletely understood. In this chapter, we focus on the recent translational research and clinical data on the molecular action of metformin and the evidence linking the effects of metformin on insulin resistance, prediabetes, diabetes, aging, cancer, PCOS, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"200 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114739200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Potential Protective Effects of Metformin on Ocular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes 二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者眼部并发症的潜在保护作用
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2020-02-25 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91263
J. Kusturica, A. Kulo, M. Rakanovic-Todic, L. Burnazović-Ristić, Sanita Maleškić
{"title":"Potential Protective Effects of Metformin on Ocular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","authors":"J. Kusturica, A. Kulo, M. Rakanovic-Todic, L. Burnazović-Ristić, Sanita Maleškić","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91263","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) as a chronic condition is a growing global problem. Its numerous complications, including ocular diseases, affect patients’ quality and length of life. Metformin is an effective, safe, and inexpensive first-line pharma-cotherapy for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The current evidence indicates metformin’s multiple sites of action and multiple molecular mechanisms leading to its beneficial impact on metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, aging, as well as to its cardiovascular, neurological, bone, and antiproliferative properties. These impacts are the result of its acting on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. Limited data suggest the protective role of metformin on microvascular ocular complications, including retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration in patients with T2D. However, to confirm its mentioned protective and therapeutic effects, more large, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical studies are needed.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130388181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Preventive and (Neo)Adjuvant Therapeutic Effects of Metformin on Cancer 二甲双胍对肿瘤的预防和(新)辅助治疗作用
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2020-02-18 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91291
Y. Jiao, Xiaochen Wang, Zhijun Luo
{"title":"Preventive and (Neo)Adjuvant Therapeutic Effects of Metformin on Cancer","authors":"Y. Jiao, Xiaochen Wang, Zhijun Luo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91291","url":null,"abstract":"Metformin, the first-line antidiabetic drug, has become an attractive candidate in cancer therapy since retrospective clinical investigations reported that patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin had lower incidence of cancer than those with other glucose lowering drugs. In line with this, preclinical studies have demonstrated that the antitumor activity of metformin could proceed through several mechanisms. Thus far, metformin has been used in cancer prevention with reduced risk as consequence and treatment of various cancers as an adjuvant or neoadjuvant drug. Thus, existing data support the beneficial effects of metformin on many types of cancers such as reducing metastasis and mortality and improving pathological responses and survival rates. However, some reports do not support this and even show adverse effects. The discrepancy may be attributed to expression levels of its transporters or genetic background. Hence, this chapter briefly reviews information on the mechanism of metformin action and summarizes both completed and ongoing clinical trials in an attempt to evaluate the value of metformin in prevention and treatment of various cancer types.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129395127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Metformin in Health Issues and Reproductive System 二甲双胍在健康问题和生殖系统中的应用
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90465
E. Pourmatroud
{"title":"Metformin in Health Issues and Reproductive System","authors":"E. Pourmatroud","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90465","url":null,"abstract":"Metformin is one of oldest drug in reproductive medicine era; but most of times it is equal to polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome especially obese patients. If it is still valuable or not, could have another health benefit or new fertility roles, and could be effective as well in male reproductive system will be discussed. According to increased rate of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular problems and cancers, there are several investigations on this old used drug. Those studies had been magnified its role as “the aspirin of current century,” which might have a promising role in longevity of the life. So, the chapter will be interesting.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129478349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Metformin Modulates the Mechanisms of Ageing 二甲双胍调节衰老机制
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2019-12-13 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89431
A. F. Cӑtoi, A. Andreicuț, D. Vodnar, K. Szabo, A. Corina, A. Arsene, S. Ștefan, R. Stoica, M. Rizzo
{"title":"Metformin Modulates the Mechanisms of Ageing","authors":"A. F. Cӑtoi, A. Andreicuț, D. Vodnar, K. Szabo, A. Corina, A. Arsene, S. Ștefan, R. Stoica, M. Rizzo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89431","url":null,"abstract":"Living in a time when population is continuously ageing, the challenge and demand for assessing the age-related pathways, potential diseases and longevity have become of major interest. The pharmaceutical industry possesses huge resources in this field, mainly due to the recent discoveries of novel mechanisms of action of oldestablished, classical drugs. Here we find metformin, a well-established antidiabetic medicine but with new potential benefits, as the most recent reports quote. We present the main pathways of the possible implications of metformin in the modulation of ageing processes, evolution and diseases, focussing on its ageing counteraction, based on the latest scientifically based biochemical reports.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115398064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Metformin and Its Benefits in Improving Gut Microbiota Disturbances in Diabetes Patients 二甲双胍及其改善糖尿病患者肠道菌群紊乱的益处
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2019-10-23 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88749
Andra Iulia-Suceveanu, S. Micu, C. Voinea, Madalina Manea, D. Catrinoiu, L. Mazilu, A. Stoian, I. Parepa, R. Stoica, A. Suceveanu
{"title":"Metformin and Its Benefits in Improving Gut Microbiota Disturbances in Diabetes Patients","authors":"Andra Iulia-Suceveanu, S. Micu, C. Voinea, Madalina Manea, D. Catrinoiu, L. Mazilu, A. Stoian, I. Parepa, R. Stoica, A. Suceveanu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88749","url":null,"abstract":"The human gastrointestinal tract presents a vastly population of microorganisms, called the microbiota. The presence of these microorganisms offers many benefits to the host, through a range of physiological functions. However, there is a potential for these mechanisms to be disrupted condition, known as dysbiosis. Recent results are showing important associations between diabetes and the gut microbiota and how the intestinal flora can influence the prognosis of this illness. Microbial intestinal imbalance has been linked to alterations in insulin sensitivity and in glucose metabolism and may play an important role in the development of diabetes. Metformin is one of the most important and widely used first-line medications for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is a complex drug with multiple sites of action and multiple molecular mechanisms. In recent years, attention has been directed to other modes of action, other than the classic ones, with increasing evidence of a major key role of the intestine. By analysing the effects of metformin on the homeostasis of the microbiota of diabetes patients, our present topic becomes one of the major importance in understanding how metformin therapy can improve gut microbiota dysbiosis and thus provide a better outcome for this illness.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124417444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Metformin in Cervical Cancer: Metabolic Reprogramming 二甲双胍在宫颈癌中的作用:代谢重编程
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2019-09-11 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88930
M. Tyszka-Czochara, M. Majka
{"title":"Metformin in Cervical Cancer: Metabolic Reprogramming","authors":"M. Tyszka-Czochara, M. Majka","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88930","url":null,"abstract":"The reprogrammed metabolism plays a crucial role in intensively proliferating tumor cells to meet high energetic demands and adapt to metastasis and invasion. Metformin may counteract flexible metabolic phenotype of cervical cancer cells by restraining aerobic glycolysis ( Warburg effect ) and promoting mitochondrial-based metabolism. Metformin inhibits master oncogene c-Myc as well as hypoxia-induc-ible factor 1 (HIF-1 α ) and suppresses its downstream glycolytic regulatory enzymes and glucose transporters. Metformin targets bioenergetics of cervical cancer cells with aggressive phenotype and regulates the expression of enzymes controlling tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) supplementation with substrates, glucose, and glutamine. The exposition of cervical tumor cells to Metformin alleviates their migratory capacity, restrains epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program implementation, and elucidates oxidative stress, which results in massive cell death due to apoptosis. The metabolic alterations caused by Metformin are specific to cancer cells. In summary, Metformin exerts antitumor effect in cervical cancer cells by regulating specific molecular targets in reprogrammed metabolism. Metformin selectively modulates metabolic pathways and thus may be potentially used in new precisely targeted therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133736560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Antitumoral Effects of Metformin in Ovarian Cancer 二甲双胍对卵巢癌的抗肿瘤作用
Metformin [Working Title] Pub Date : 2019-09-05 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88911
Maritza P. Garrido, M. Vega, C. Romero
{"title":"Antitumoral Effects of Metformin in Ovarian Cancer","authors":"Maritza P. Garrido, M. Vega, C. Romero","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88911","url":null,"abstract":"In the last years, the antidiabetic drug metformin has received considerable attention in pursuing new drugs for anticancer treatments. Several reports have shown that metformin would have antitumor effects, not only attributable to its systemic effects but also due to direct effects on tumor cells. It has been proposed that metformin could be a suitable alternative for the treatment of gynecological cancers, such as ovarian cancer. This disease is characterized by high cell proliferation and angiogenesis potential, because ovarian cancer cells overexpress most oncogenic molecules including growth factors. The aim of the present chapter is to discuss the molecular mechanism by which metformin would affect tumor cells, with focus on epithelial ovarian cancer.","PeriodicalId":227880,"journal":{"name":"Metformin [Working Title]","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132944961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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