The Open Diabetes Journal最新文献

{"title":"GRK2-Deficiency Reduces Insulin Activation of ERK1/2 and Mitogenesis in Mouse Liver FL83B Cells","authors":"Gulnar Shahid, T. Hussain","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010044","url":null,"abstract":"We have reported that G protein coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) negatively regulates insulin receptor signaling leading to glycogen synthesis in mouse liver derived FL83B cells. Since insulin is a potent cellular growth hormone, present study investigated the effect of GRK2 on insulin-stimulated MAP kinase pathway leading to mitogenesis. Specific GRK2 siRNA was used to knock-down (>90%) GRK2 in FL83B cells. Effect of insulin on ERK1/2 activation and [ 3 H]-methyl thymidine incorporation were determined in GRK2 siRNA-treated and control cells. Insulinstimulated ERK1/2 activation was attenuated in GRK2-deficient as compared to control cells. Basal and insulinstimulated [ 3 H]-methyl thymidine incorporation, a measure of mitogenesis, was lower in GRK2-deficient cells. The data suggest that GRK2 may have positive regulatory role in insulin-stimulated MAP kinase pathway and mitogenesis. The present study together with our earlier report on insulin-induced glycogen synthesis indicates a dual role of GRK2 in insulin receptor signaling/function.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":"44-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86865688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Effectiveness of Glimepiride Titration Using SMBG in Patients with Mild Type 2 Diabetes","authors":"A. Kanazawa, Tomoaki Shimizu, C. Ebato, Yuko Sakurai, N. Kumashiro, Shinya Miwa, T. Hirose, Yasushi Tanaka, R. Kawamori, H. Watada","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010038","url":null,"abstract":"Glimepiride is a potent sulfonylurea agent and is widely used for type 2 diabetic patients, however, the safety and efficacy of glimepiride in patients with fair diabetic control (HbA1c level: 6.5-7.9%) have not been investigated so far. Therefore, we investigated the safety and efficacy of glimepiride titration using self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) in the achievement of strict glycemic control in fairly controlled diabetic patients. Japanese type 2 diabetic patients who were diet-controlled or treated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitor or metformin, were randomly assigned into the SMBG group with titration of glimepiride using SMBG, or the conventional therapy group (control group) without SMBG. Glimepiride was initiated at a dose of 0.5 mg/day and plasma glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and glycoalbumin levels were evaluated for 6 months in both groups. The dose of glimepiride was titrated in the SMBG group according to the SMBG levels before breakfast and dinner. The mean dose of glimepiride at 6 months tended to be higher in the SMBG than the control group (1.0±0.8 vs 0.6±0.3mg/day), but not significant. At 6 months after glimepiride treatment, HbA1c levels were significantly lower than at baseline (SMBG: 7.2±0.5 vs 6.5±0.6%, n=23, P<0.01, control: 7.3±0.4 vs 6.5±0.7%, n=24, P<0.01), although they were similar at 6 months in the two groups. Only three hypoglycemic episodes were recorded among 50 subjects. We found no efficacy of glimepiride titration protocol in this study. However, glimepiride significantly improved glycemic control in fairly controlled diabetic patients without severe hypoglycemia.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"77 1","pages":"38-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84988189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes Management and N of 1 Trials In Silico","authors":"P. Augstein, L. Vogt, E. Salzsieder","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010035","url":null,"abstract":"N of 1 trials are a new strategy to determine the best personal therapeutic choice for a diabetic patient. Here, we discuss the idea of performing N of 1 trials in silico using the knowledge-based decision support system KADIS ® . This Diabetes Management System acts as interactive computer program that first generates a personal in silico copy of the glucose/insulin metabolism of the patient and then allows in silico N of 1 trials in order to identify the optimal therapeutic choice for the patient. KADIS ® simulates and predicts therapeutic options as medication timing, dosage, and different formulas of oral anti-diabetic drugs or insulin, as well as life style changes like exercise and reduced carbohydrate intake by the patient to support drug therapy. Self control data are the data base for KADIS ® . Over the past year decision support was generated for 384 diabetic patients treated by 132 general practitioners and 30 diabetes specialists. Application of KADIS ® -based recommendations reduced HbA1c during the follow-up by 0.2% (7.1% to 6.9%) after 3 months and by 0.4% (7.1% to 6.7%) after 6 months in routine diabetes care. The reduction in HbA1c was strongly related to significantly improved 24-hour glucose profiles. Taken together, performing N of 1 trials in silico has the potential to determine the optimal patient-oriented therapy and to predict the clinical outcomes in the management of single patients.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"35-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88148864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory Investigation for Diabetes Mellitus: Practical Concerns","authors":"V. Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010032","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine problem at present. Based on the concept of good laboratory investigation management, the full overage on quality of these tests are required. In this article, the author hereby discusses on some practical concerns for important laboratory investigations for DM.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"32-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89054214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educational Attainment is Associated with Health Care Utilization and Self-Care Behavior by Individuals with Diabetes","authors":"A. Alguwaihes, B. Shah","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010024","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to examine the association between educational attainment and utilization of the health care system and self-care behavior by individuals with diabetes. The Barriers to Diabetes Care Survey asked indi- viduals with diabetes about their care. The questionnaire was completed using computer-assisted telephone interviewing techniques. Participants were found by random digit dialing across Ontario, Canada (eligible n = 1,031). We dichotomized educational attainment at high school. We examined the relationship of educational attainment with measures of health care system utilization and of self-care behavior. We adjusted for age, sex, income, health insurance status, and diabetes type, duration and treatment regimen. Individuals with high educational attainment were more likely to have had an oph- thalmologic examination during the previous year (odds ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.82), and were more likely to report having a specialist (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.31-3.31) or other paramedical professional (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.19-3.07) as their most responsible provider of care, rather than a family doctor. Smoking (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45-0.90) and blood sugar monitoring (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50-0.98) were associated with low educational attainment, while follow- ing a meal plan was associated with high educational attainment (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.07-1.80). Since appropriate utiliza- tion of the health care system and self-care behavior are essential for diabetes management, our findings suggest that peo- ple with low educational attainment are independently at risk for worse diabetes care. Health care providers should ensure that their communications, teaching materials and instructions are suitable for these higher-risk patients.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"24-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76502478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simple Method of Determining Pre-Diabetes","authors":"Joon Hyuck Choi, N. Kang","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010029","url":null,"abstract":"A simple formula for determining pre-diabetes (the very early stage of diabetes mellitus) was derived from the model of Ackerman et al. (Bull Math Biophys 1965; 27: s21-37) for very smoothly varying time course patterns of blood glucose level. The natural period of blood glucose level in a healthy subject calculated using the formula was in good agreement with the value obtained by computer work. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease associated with dis- ordered metabolism of carbohydrates, and pre-diabetes mel- litus (PD) is a very early stage of mild DM caused by disor- dered secretion of insulin, glucagons and epinephrine. The study of PD is of great importance in opening a way to the early discovery of mild DM. Although quite many ap- proaches to DM and PD on mathematical basis have been reported thus far (1-6), most of them require advanced mathematical and computer work ability. The purpose of this report was to provide a simple method of determining PD in order to help general practitioners with limited mathematical and computer ability. This study was based on a simple model presented by Ackerman et al. (1, 7), which was based on the simple assumption that the blood glucose level tends to be regulatory and is influenced and controlled by a wide variety of hormones and other metabolites. In this model all these hormones are combined into a net hormonal concentration and the cumulative effect of them is taken into account. And thus the model centers attention on the concentration of glucose in the blood, labelled G and that of the net hormonal complex, labelled H. The hormones such as insulin which decrease G are considered to increase H. On the other hand, the materials such as glucagons, epinephrine and cortisol which increase G are considered to decrease H. Coupled linear differential equations for G and H can be established and these two first order equations can be com- bined into two separate forms of second order linear equa- tion. The solution for G, with t = 0 at the time the glucose loading has been completed, is generally given in three damped oscillation patterns. Among them, in analogy with mechanical vibration systems, the underdamped case seems to be more appropriate for PD, by assuming that there is no serious deficiency in the controlling system. Thus we have","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"257 1","pages":"29-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77184458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene Expression Profiling of Human Adipocyte Responses to Insulin and IGF-I Signalling","authors":"Shaukat Mahmood, R. Borup, H. Tornqvist, K. O'Byrne, P. Meyts, S. Gray","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010005","url":null,"abstract":"A constant paradox for researchers working in the field of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), is to explain how these proteins despite binding to and activating highly homologous membrane receptors and triggering simi- lar signalling pathways, yet exert distinct physiological roles in the control of metabolism and growth. Despite extensive studies, the molecular basis for the specificity between insulin and IGF-I signaling is still poorly understood. In an attempt to reveal the gene expression profiles regulated by their divergent functions, we used Affymetrix microarrays to monitor gene expression patterns that are regulated by either insulin or IGF-I. A fully differentiated human adipocyte line, derived from the adipose tissue of a child with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS), was stimulated with either insulin or IGF-I. Following stimulation of the differentiated adipocytes with insulin for 24 h, we found 329 genes differentially regulated of which 215 were up-regulated and 114 were down-regulated. When SGBS adipocytes were stimulated with IGF-I, 103 genes were differentially expressed, of which 70 were up-regulated and 33 were down-regulated. Our results indicate that under the conditions used in the present study, insulin is a more potent regulator of gene expression in human adipocytes than IGF-I.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"5-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86803568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Epidemiologic Transition of Diabetes Mellitus in Taiwan: Implications for Reversal of Female Preponderance from a National Cohort","authors":"C. Tseng","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010018","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes prevalence studies show a female preponderance, especially in developed countries. This review summarizes the epidemiologic evidence for a possible transition in sexual preponderance in Taiwan. Major epidemiologic surveys of diabetes prevalence and studies on the incidence and mortality of diabetes in Taiwan over the past decades were reviewed. Diabetes prevalence increased from 5.1% in 1970 to 12.8% in 1996 with female preponderance. However, a 3-fold higher prevalence in men in the younger age of 19-44 years in contrast to a female preponderance in the older age was observed in the 1996 survey. The female preponderance could possibly be explained by a higher mortality due to higher prevalence of macrovascular complications and higher incidence of hypertension in the diabetic men. Although overall incidence of diabetes was higher in women (218.4 vs 187.1 per 100,000), age-specific incidence analyses sug- gested a higher incidence accompanied by obesity in men in the age groups below 45 years. In conclusions, increasing prevalence of diabetes with female preponderance had been observed for decades in Taiwan, which can be explained partly by the higher risk of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic men and an overall higher incidence in women of all ages. However, the sex preponderance in diabetes is expected to change from women to men rolling from the past decades to the future in Taiwan because of the increasing prevalence of obesity in the younger men. two factors. A close observation of the secular trends in the epidemiologic transition of such a chronic and health damag- ing disease is important for both the policymakers and clini- cal practitioners to take early measures in the prevention and treatment of the disease. To answer a series of these interrelated epidemiologic questions, it would be better if all data could be obtained from a large cohort of diabetic patients representative at a national level. The National Health Insurance (NHI) program in Taiwan is a unique and compulsory health care system which covers more than 96% of the total population. Only those who are serving in the military or subject to criminal sanction, etc. would be exempt from this program. A sys- tematic use of the data obtained from a cohort of diabetic patients within this health care system has been conducted since the implementation of the NHI in 1995. Therefore it is the purpose of this review to give a general description of the data and interpretation of the implications introduced by a series of epidemiologic analyses from the established NHI diabetes cohort along with the vital statistics and the series of prevalence surveys in this country over the past decades.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"130 1","pages":"18-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90228286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Differences in the Management of Diabetic Patients with Hypertension and Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease","authors":"V. Barrios, C. Escobar, A. Calderón, R. Echarri","doi":"10.2174/1876524600902010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524600902010001","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine gender differences in cardiovascular risk factors control and clinical management in hypertensive diabetics with chronic ischemic heart disease. Research design and methods: CINHTIA was a cross-sectional and multicenter survey aimed to evaluate the clinical profile and management of hypertensive outpatients with chronic ischemic heart disease attended by cardiologists in Spanish clinical practice setting. The aim of the present work was to examine the gender differences in the control and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in the subgroup of patients with diabetes. Adequate blood pressure (BP), LDL-cholesterol and diabetes control rates were defined according to ESH-ESC 2003, NCEP-ATP III and ADA-2005 guidelines, respectively. Results: A total of 654 patients (42.4% women) were included for the present analysis. Women were older. Smoking, sed- entary lifestyle and peripheral arterial disease were more frequent in men; left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in women. The total number of lipid lowering and antihypertensive agents were similar between genders, but with a trend to use more antidiabetic drugs in women. There was a tendency to a better BP control in men (21.5% vs 17.0%, p=0.09). LDL-cholesterol and diabetes were better controlled in men (34.6% vs 26.6%, p=0.04 and 29.7% vs 22.3%, p=0.025, re- spectively). Conclusions: Diabetic women with hypertension and chronic ischemic heart disease exhibit lower control rates of cardio- vascular risk factors.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87076383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Measurements of Newbornat Birth","authors":"F. Shaikh, Fariha Zeeshan, R. Hakeem, A. Basit, Prof. Dr. Asher. Fawwad, A. Hussain","doi":"10.2174/1876524601407010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876524601407010014","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the association between maternal dietary intake and nutritional status during pregnancy with anthropometric measurements of the newborns at birth. Methods: An observational study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan from December 2009 to April 2010. Expectant mothers were recruited from selected antenatal clinics after obtaining informed consent. On the basis of the expected weight-for-height of adult women during pregnancy, mothers were categorized into under- and well-nourished groups. Dietary profile of 100 mothers (48 from 1 st trimester and 52 from 3 rd trimester) was recorded by using \"Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24 hour dietary recall\". Deliveries of 3 rd trimester group of mothers were followed. Anthropometric measurements of newborns were recorded. Results: Dietary profile of mothers showed that most of the mothers, regardless of trimester and nutritional status were consuming less than the recommended dietary intake. Fruit and vegetable intake was very low, pertaining to 96% and 93% of mothers respectively. Eighty percent mothers were consuming less than a serving of meat per day whereas 94% had low milk consumption per day. A significant negative association was noted between milk intake in well-nourished group and sub scapular skin fold thickness of the newborns at birth. Similarly, consumption of milk in undernourished mothers was also found associated negatively with mid upper arm circumference of the newborns (p<0.05). Conclusion: Overall energy intake was low in undernourished compared to well-nourished mothers during early gestation. Moreover, maternal dietary intake and nutritional status during pregnancy have impact on fetal body composition.","PeriodicalId":22762,"journal":{"name":"The Open Diabetes Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"14-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81662164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}