IRPN: Innovation & Economic History (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Time for Growth","authors":"L. Boerner, Battista Severgnini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2652782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2652782","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the impact of the early adoption of one of the most important high-technology machines in history, the public mechanical clock, on long-run growth in Europe. We avoid en- dogeneity by considering the relationship between the adoption of clocks with two sets of instru- ments: distance from the first adopters and the appearance of repeated solar eclipses. The latter instrument is motivated by the predecessor technologies of mechanical clocks, astronomic instru- ments that measured the course of heavenly bodies. We find significant growth rates between 1500 and 1700 in the range of 30 percentage points in early adoptor cities and areas.","PeriodicalId":227474,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Economic History (Topic)","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122676609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Juristas, Clérigos Y Mercaderes El Ascenso Del Derecho Escolástico En Europa Medieval Y Su Impacto En El Crecimiento Económico (Jurists, Clerics, and Merchants: The Rise of Learned Law in Medieval Europe and its Impact on Economic Growth)","authors":"Hans-Bernd Schäfer, Alexander J. Wulf","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2608369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2608369","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Entre 1200 y 1600 el desarrollo economico en la Europa catolica experimento un notable impulso. Al final de este periodo los niveles de ingreso per capita se encontraban bien por encima de aquellos correspondientes a otras regiones del mundo. Nosotros relacionamos este unico desarrollo con el resucitar del Derecho Romano, el ascenso del Derecho Canonico y el establecimiento del Derecho como una disciplina escolastica y cientifica ensenada en las universidades. En esta ocasion, ponemos a prueba dos hipotesis concurrentes respecto del impacto que estos procesos han tenido sobre el crecimiento economico en Europa medieval. La primera de estas es que la propagacion del Derecho Romano ha sido conducente al aumento del comercio y del crecimiento economico. La segunda y concurrente hipotesis es que el crecimiento no se dio como resultado de la recepcion del Derecho Romano, sino como consecuencia de ser este un Derecho, junto con el Canonico, de naturaleza racional, cientifica y sistematica; y tambien como resultado del entrenamiento en estas disciplinas de los juristas en la universidades que recientemente se habian establecido (Verwissenschaftligung). Conjuntamente esto dio al Derecho a traves de Europa una flexibilidad innovadora, la cual tambien influyo el Derecho Mercante (lex mercatoria), y el Derecho Consuetudinario. Utilizando datos sobre la poblacion en mas de 200 ciudades europeas como proxy del ingreso per capita, podemos observar que un importante impacto sobre el desarrollo economico no fue principalmente el contenido del Derecho Romano como tal, sino el surgimiento de facultades de Derecho en las universidades y la aparicion de un metodo juridico desarrollado por glosadores y comentaristas en sus respectivas interpretaciones y sistematizacion de las fuentes del Derecho Romano (compuesto, entre otros, por el Corpus Juris Civilis y el Digesto); y del Derecho Canonico. El esfuerzo de obtener conclusiones normativas generales de estas fuentes de Derecho tuvo como resultado una abstraccion, una metodologia y el surgimiento del Derecho como una disciplina academica. Cuando quiera que alguna facultad de Derecho fuera fundada en cualquier lugar de Europa los juristas aprendian tanto conceptos juridicos nuevos como habilidades que antes habian permanecido desconocidas y que ahora se consideran propicias para la actividad comercial.English Abstract: Between the years 1200 and 1600 economic development in Catholic Europe gained momentum. By the end of this period per capita income levels were well above the income levels in all other regions of the world. We relate this unique development to the resurrection of Roman law, the rise of Canon law and the establishment of law as a scholarly and scientific discipline taught in universities. We test two competing hypotheses on the impact of these processes on economic growth in medieval Europe. The first conjecture is that the spread of substantive Roman law was conducive to the rise of co","PeriodicalId":227474,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Economic History (Topic)","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132428332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Networks of Innovation in the European Periphery. Exploring Independent versus Corporate Patents in Spain circa 1820-1939","authors":"Patricio Sáiz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3495929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3495929","url":null,"abstract":"There is a widespread idea that corporations have completely taken over invention and innovation processes throughout the twentieth century, thus becoming the main users of patent systems. However, recent studies suggest that, in spite of corporate expansion, independent invention is still economically significant nowadays, and that individuals outside the boundaries of the firm were actually the principal source of innovation before World War II. This article analyzes the history of corporate and independent patents in Spain in the long-term, in order to confirm that independents were also very relevant to promoting innovation and technology transfer in latecomers with high rates of technological dependence. Employing a new method of work with patent files, we also offer new historical evidence of the structure, effectiveness and scope of emerging international social networks of innovation. After introducing the research framework, Section Two briefly summarizes the characteristics of the Spanish patent system, and compares corporate and independent patents taken out between 1820 and 1939. Section Three studies the duration and strength of independent patents and the structure of the communities of innovation, and the conclusions make up Section Four.","PeriodicalId":227474,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Economic History (Topic)","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122292542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open Versus Closed Innovation: Development of the Wide Strip Mill for Steel in the United States During the 1920s","authors":"J. Aylen","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9310.2009.00576.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2009.00576.x","url":null,"abstract":"A paired comparison is made between rival attempts to develop the first continuous rolling mill for wide strip in the USA during the 1920?s. One firm was secretive, the other relied upon collaboration. Development of the wide strip mill is a natural experiment comparing closed and open innovation since two firms were competing for the same target using different institutional arrangements for their R&D. \u0000\u0000Wide strip rolling technology was developed by rival teams in the USA during the mid-1920?s. The less successful team at Armco, Ashland, Kentucky was closed to outside influences. Breakthroughs came from Columbia Steel at Butler, Pennsylvania which pursued an open pattern of cooperation with equipment suppliers. Columbia Steel?s collaboration with machinery suppliers, use of independent advice on bearing technology and willingness to learn from precursors in copper rolling enabled them to build a successful wide strip mill complex, commissioned in 1926. Butler established the dominant design for the next 80 years. The leading equipment supplier at Butler, the United Engineering and Foundry Co., led global sales of the technology for four decades. \u0000\u0000It is not clear how far this example of successful open innovation in the US inter-war economy is typical. Historical studies of the management of R&D focus on formal, science based research in large corporate labs rather than engineering development.","PeriodicalId":227474,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Economic History (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116713167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New World Order: Explaining the Emergence of the Classical Gold Standard","authors":"C. Meissner","doi":"10.3386/W9233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W9233","url":null,"abstract":"The classical gold standard only gradually became an international monetary regime after 1870. This paper provides a cross-country analysis of why countries adopted when they did. I use duration analysis to show that network externalities operating through trade channels help explain the pattern of diffusion of the gold standard. Countries adopted the gold standard sooner when they had a large share of trade with other gold countries relative to GDP. The quality of the financial system also played a role. Support is found for the idea that a weak gold backing for paper currency emissions, possibly because of an unsustainable fiscal position or an un-sound banking system, delayed adoption. A large public debt burden also led to a later transition. Data are also consistent with the idea that nations adopted the gold standard earlier to lower the costs of borrowing on international capital markets. I find no evidence that the level of exchange rate volatility or agricultural interests mattered for the timing of adoption.","PeriodicalId":227474,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Economic History (Topic)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124372238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Henry George, the Austrians, and Neoclassical Choice Theory: A New Look at the Similarities between George and the Austrians","authors":"Petur O. Jonsson","doi":"10.1111/J.1536-7150.1997.TB02660.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1536-7150.1997.TB02660.X","url":null,"abstract":"Henry George and the Austrians disagreed on whether land is inherently different from other factors. Beyond this, they had much in common. The paper specifically argues that the similarities between George and the Austrians are derived from a similar underlying approach to choice. Both relied on a subjective choice framework which yields a foundation that is quite different from that of Walrasian neoclassical economics. As a result, George and the Austrians held similar views on innovation and progress. Moreover, these views are incompatible with neoclassical choice theory which is not really equipped to deal with innovation.","PeriodicalId":227474,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Economic History (Topic)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117599236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"El peluquero de la Reina (The Hairdresser of the Queen)","authors":"Patricio Sáiz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3495888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3495888","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> En este trabajo se intenta realizar una primera reflexión sobre el papel del capital humano exterior en el flujo de nuevos conocimientos y tecnologías hacia la España Moderna, en especial durante el siglo XVIII. En él se pretende estudiar las distintas fases históricas del fenómeno; su intensidad y carácter; los mecanismos de captación del personal cualificado; los factores de repulsión y atracción que explican las migraciones; la influencia de la evolución del entorno institucional en el proceso; y el impacto de todo ello en los orígenes remotos del débil –casi inexistente- sistema español de innovación. Si pensamos, además, que existen cuestiones difícilmente imitables o transferibles –al menos en el corto plazo- y que las estructuras de valores sociales relacionadas con la invención, la innovación, el aprendizaje o la educación (tan importantes durante la fase de extensión de los procesos de industrialización) pueden estar muy influidas por las trayectorias históricas, este intento de acercamiento debería contribuir también a arrojar alguna luz sobre qué cuestiones determinan, en general, la formación de los sistemas de innovación de países atrasados y por qué en España, en particular, se retrasó tanto su organización, ésta fue tan dependiente del exterior y, al contrario de lo sucedido en otros países seguidores, nunca se desarrollaron nichos tecnológicos propios de especialización.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This paper reflects on the role of foreign human capital in the flow of new knowledge and technologies towards Modern Spain, especially during the eighteenth century. We study the distinct historical phases of such process, its intensity and character, recruitment mechanisms, skilled labor repulsion and attraction factors, institutional environment, and its overall impact on the origins of the weak Spanish innovation system.","PeriodicalId":227474,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Economic History (Topic)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130696615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}