Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods最新文献

Random Mutagenesis of Filamentous Fungi Strains for High-Yield Production of Secondary Metabolites: The Role of Polyamines 丝状真菌高产次生代谢产物的随机诱变:多胺的作用

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods Pub Date : 2020-10-07 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93702

A. Zhgun

{"title":"Random Mutagenesis of Filamentous Fungi Strains for High-Yield Production of Secondary Metabolites: The Role of Polyamines","authors":"A. Zhgun","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.93702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93702","url":null,"abstract":"A filamentous fungus (also called molds or moldy fungus) is a taxonomically diverse organism from phylum Zygomycota and Ascomycota with filamentous hyphae and has the ability to produce airborne spores or conidia. Currently, more than 70,000 molds are known, and some of them contain unique and unusual biochemical pathways. A number of products from such pathways, especially, the secondary metabolite (SM) pathways are used as important pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, statins, and immunodepresants. Under different conditions, the individual species can produce more than 100 SM. The strain improvement programs lead to high yielding in target SM and significant reduction of spin-off products. The main tool for the strain improvement of filamentous fungi is random mutagenesis and screening. The majority of industrial overproducing SM strains were developed with the help of such technique over the past 50–70 years; the yield of the target SM increased by 100- to 1000-fold or more. Moreover, most of the strains have reached their technological limit of improvement. A new round of mutagenesis has not increased overproduction. Recently, it was shown that that the addition of exogenous polyamines may increase the production of such improved strains of filamentous fungi. The possible molecular mechanism of this phenomenon and its biotechnological applications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":227085,"journal":{"name":"Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121835754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Current Trends and Future Perspectives of Antimutagenic Agents 抗诱变剂的发展趋势和未来展望

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods Pub Date : 2020-05-05 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91689

Adel M. Abdel-Hakem, Elshimaa M N Abdelhafez

引用次数: 2

DCLK1 and DNA Damage Response DCLK1与DNA损伤反应

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods Pub Date : 2020-05-02 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92327

J. Panneerselvam, D. Qu, C. Houchen, M. Bronze, P. Chandrakesan

引用次数: 0

The w/w + Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) of Drosophila melanogaster for Detecting Antigenotoxic Activity 黑腹果蝇w/w +体细胞突变和重组试验(SMART)检测抗毒素活性

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods Pub Date : 2020-03-12 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.91630

I. Gaivão, João Ferreira, L. Sierra

{"title":"The w/w + Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) of Drosophila melanogaster for Detecting Antigenotoxic Activity","authors":"I. Gaivão, João Ferreira, L. Sierra","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.91630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.91630","url":null,"abstract":"Genotoxicological studies are emerging as fundamental for knowing the hazards to our genome, to our health. Drosophila melanogaster is one of the preferable organisms for toxicological research considering its metabolic similarities (viz. on dietary input, xenobiotic metabolizing system, antioxidant enzymes and DNA repair systems) to mammals. Accordingly, somatic mutation and recombination tests (SMARTs) of D. melanogaster are fast and low-cost in vivo assays that have shown solid results evaluating genotoxicity. The w/w + SMART uses the white (w) gene as a recessive marker to monitor the presence of mutant ommatidia (eye units), indicating the occurrence of point mutations, deletions, mitotic recombination or/and nondisjunction. Additionally, several studies used SMARTs to assess antigenotoxicity, with some using the w/w + SMART. We reviewed the state of the art of the w/w + SMART used for antigenotoxicity analysis, focusing on published results, aiming to contribute to the conception of a reliable protocol in antigenotoxicity. As such, genotoxic agents with known action mechanisms, as streptonigrin (oxidative stress inducer), were used as a genotoxic insult for proving the antigenotoxic effects of natural substances (e.g. seaweeds), demonstrating the presence of antimutagens in their composition. These antigenotoxicity studies are crucial for promoting preventive measures against environmental genotoxics that affect humans daily.","PeriodicalId":227085,"journal":{"name":"Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127846344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Oxidative Stress and Vanadium 氧化应激和钒

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods Pub Date : 2020-01-10 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90861

M. Rojas-Lemus, P. Bizarro-Nevares, N. López-Valdez, A. González-Villalva, Gabriela Guerrero-Palomo, Cervantes-Valencia María Eugenia, Otto Tavera-Cabrera, Norma Rivera-Fernández, Brenda Casarrubias-Tabarez, M. Ustarroz-Cano, Armando Rodríguez-Zepeda, F. Pasos-Nájera, T. F. Goes

{"title":"Oxidative Stress and Vanadium","authors":"M. Rojas-Lemus, P. Bizarro-Nevares, N. López-Valdez, A. González-Villalva, Gabriela Guerrero-Palomo, Cervantes-Valencia María Eugenia, Otto Tavera-Cabrera, Norma Rivera-Fernández, Brenda Casarrubias-Tabarez, M. Ustarroz-Cano, Armando Rodríguez-Zepeda, F. Pasos-Nájera, T. F. Goes","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90861","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution is a worldwide health problem, and metals are one of the various air pollutants to which living creatures are exposed. The pollution by metals such as: lead, cadmium, manganese, and vanadium have a common mechanism of action: the production of oxidative stress in the cell. Oxidative stress favors the production of free radicals, which damage biomolecules such as: DNA, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates; these free radicals produce changes that are observed in different organs and systems. Vanadium is a transition element delivered into the atmosphere by the combustion of fossil fuels as oxides and adhered to the PM enters into the respiratory system, then crosses the alveolar wall and enters into the systemic circulation. In this chapter, we will review the oxidative stress induced by vanadium—as a common mechanism of metal pollutants—; in addition, we will review the protective effect of the antioxidants (carnosine and ascorbate).","PeriodicalId":227085,"journal":{"name":"Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124698661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Generation, Evaluation, and Prospects of Further Use of Mutations Based on New Homozygous Self-Pollinated Sunflower Lines 向日葵纯合子自花系突变的产生、评价及进一步利用前景

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods Pub Date : 2019-12-13 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89563

V. Mykhailenko, V. Kyrychenko, A. Bragin, Dmitry Chuiko

{"title":"Generation, Evaluation, and Prospects of Further Use of Mutations Based on New Homozygous Self-Pollinated Sunflower Lines","authors":"V. Mykhailenko, V. Kyrychenko, A. Bragin, Dmitry Chuiko","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89563","url":null,"abstract":"A majority of sunflower lines and hybrids were based on starting material obtained by traditional methods; so the issues of developing new trends in extending the genetic diversity of this crop require constant attention of scientists. At present, induced mutagenesis along with hybridization has become a leading method for generating new forms of crops. Their success depends largely on availability and assortment of starting material. Induction of mutations is a way to create it. The main value of induced mutagenesis for breeding is determined by opportunities to solve problems that are impossible or difficult to solve by traditional methods. The choice of an effective concentration (dose) of a mutagen is very important, since the frequency and range of mutations depend not only on the mutagen itself but also on its dose and exposure. In addition, it is relevant to search for new mutagens with reduced harmful effects at the same level of mutability. Cytological analysis of chromosomal aberrations is an important method of evaluation and identification of mutagenic effects. In this section, studies into chemical and physical mutagenesis in breeding, exemplified by new modern homozygous self-pollinated sunflower lines, are summarized; methodical recommendations on the use of induced mutagenesis in sunflower breeding are presented; and methods of generation, investigation, and further use of mutations are rationalized.","PeriodicalId":227085,"journal":{"name":"Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127865517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Genotoxic Assays for Measuring P450 Activation of Chemical Mutagens 测定化学诱变剂P450活化的基因毒性试验

Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity - Mechanisms and Test Methods Pub Date : 2019-12-12 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90356

M. Fasullo

引用次数: 0