{"title":"A Taxonomy of Machine Learning Methodologies Used Against Physical Unclonable Functions","authors":"Sean Donnelly, Liam Meany","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00043","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research suggests that Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) will be a useful security tool for the Internet of Things. However, PUFs are vulnerable to many known machine learning attacks which threaten their effectiveness. This paper presents a unique taxonomy of known machine learning attacks and exploits against PUFs. In doing so, it offers a balanced and comprehensive evaluation, which will serve as an invaluable single point of reference for those undertaking research in this area.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"9 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133169669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Corici, Eric Troudt, Pousali Chakraborty, T. Magedanz
{"title":"An Ultra-Flexible Software Architecture Concept for 6G Core Networks","authors":"M. Corici, Eric Troudt, Pousali Chakraborty, T. Magedanz","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00077","url":null,"abstract":"5G networks made a first step towards increasing the core network flexibility by optimizing the interactions between the network functions with specific web-based interfaces and protocols. However, this has not extensively changed the architecture, as the allocation of roles of the 5G core network functions has remained the same as that of the classic telecom architecture. In this paper, we present a new perspective, stemming directly from webservices software architectures, on how to optimize the concept of network functions towards even more flexibility, scalability and use case adaptability. Furthermore, we present how the new concept can be applied to the current 5G core network architecture. We underline the extreme simplification of scaling, network migration, and equivalent management procedures, which make the concept an attractive option for very dynamic deployments. With this, we prove that the proposed concept highly outperforms the previous 5G one and represents a viable basis for the future 6G core network architecture.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124174786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chien-Cheng Wu, P. Popovski, Z. Tan, Č. Stefanović
{"title":"Design of AoI-Aware 5G Uplink Scheduler Using Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Chien-Cheng Wu, P. Popovski, Z. Tan, Č. Stefanović","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00038","url":null,"abstract":"Age of Information (AoI) reflects the time that is elapsed from the generation of a packet by a 5G user equipment (UE) to the reception of the packet by a controller. A design of an AoI-aware radio resource scheduler for UEs via reinforcement learning is proposed in this paper. In this paper, we consider a remote control environment in which a number of UEs are transmitting time-sensitive measurements to a remote controller. We consider the AoI minimization problem and formulate the problem as a trade-off between minimizing the sum of the expected AoI of all UEs and maximizing the throughput of the network. Inspired by the success of machine learning in solving large networking problems at low complexity, we develop a reinforcement learning-based method to solve the formulated problem. We used the state-of-the-art proximal policy optimization algorithm to solve this problem. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the considered baselines in terms of minimizing the expected AoI while maintaining the network throughput.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114527481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NVIDIA Aerial GPU Hosted AI-on-5G","authors":"Anupa Kelkar, C. Dick","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00019","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present the NVIDIA hyper-converged platform supporting 5G connectivity and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). 5G connectivity is realized with our Aerial [1] GPU-based cloud native 5G gNB. We introduce AI-on-5G on a converged accelerator to showcase our innovation in being able to host Aerial vRAN baseband processing, AI/ML training and inference, data analytics and other workloads. In other words, a data center at the edge that is provisioned with 5G connectivity as a service. We describe 3 uses-cases that highlight how existing NVIDIA AI/ML development frameworks, together with Aerial, can be leveraged to bring Industry 4.0 to reality.As an open platform Aerial is positioned to be industry transformational by providing researchers with a platform for next generation wireless and AI research.Aerial seeds the research ecosystem with a first-class out-of-the-box (OOB) experience with a standards compliant 5G NR PHY. Researchers can run the supplied 3GPP compliant test vectors, and perform over-the-air experiments, using standard servers equipped with a GPU-based PCIe card. The PHY code base can be tailored to support research that combines AI/ML with 5G wireless.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124027840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Method to Handle BWP Inactivity Timer to Reduce Latency and to Improve Throughput in 5G Devices","authors":"Goutham Ponnamreddy, C. Dev, Pratibha Jiniwal","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00062","url":null,"abstract":"Bandwidth Parts (BWPs) is a 5G New Radio (NR) Release 15 feature introduced for dynamically adapting the carrier bandwidth and numerology in which a User Equipment (UE) operates. In 4G/LTE, UEs support the maximum possible bandwidth of 20MHz. In 5G, the operating bandwidth can be as high as 800MHz per carrier. Each UE cannot support such a high bandwidth without high-power consumption. Therefore, a 5G UE has to communicate on a bandwidth smaller than the cell’s channel bandwidth. The smaller part is referred to as BWP. BWP enables higher spectrum flexibility with reduced baseband processing and power savings. BWP selection (or BWP switching) can be performed through several different methods. bwp-InactivityTimer is one of the methods or techniques to switch BWP. BWP switching is always associated with switch delay. Frequent BWP switching directly impacts latency and system throughput. In NR, new gap patterns with larger gap lengths of 40 ms and 66 ms features are implemented for accurate positioning measurements. The effect of bwp-InactivityTimer during larger measurement gaps and associated delays have not been studied and understood thoroughly for bursty traffic. Trade-offs must be carefully considered between energy efficiency and other performance aspects such as latency, throughput, and so on. In this paper, we propose an Efficient BWP Switch Method (EBSM) novel algorithm to handle bwp-InactivityTimer to reduce latency and thereby increase the system throughput during larger gap lengths configured for accurate positioning measurements. Simulation results show that the proposed EBSM algorithm is on average 29.8% more efficient in shortening latency and around 15-52% more efficient in avoiding unnecessary BWP switching in comparison with the specification-defined current legacy method.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125870837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prakash Ramachandran, Sunku Ranganath, Malini K. Bhandaru, Sujata Tibrewala
{"title":"A Survey of AI Enabled Edge Computing for Future Networks","authors":"Prakash Ramachandran, Sunku Ranganath, Malini K. Bhandaru, Sujata Tibrewala","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00087","url":null,"abstract":"We have been talking about 5G and beyond (B5G) in IEEE future networks. The Exabyte of data moving from Cloud enabled edge to distributed edge has led to a push for local processing at the edge. We start with what is intelligence and how to distribute it in light of Edge resources. It started with a need for a nimble edge, essentially microdata centers to another extreme \"replace every O-RAN and BBUs with a Hyperscale DC\". We try to ascertain through this survey can Intelligent devices termed xPU (covering GPUs, FPGAs, SoCs and NVME and many more) provide functional baseline for lowering power consumption & performance, to support AI and ML to deliver edge native low latency & ultra-reliable functions beyond 5G as a better alternative? This is a survey of different industry parties to enable innovation and intelligent edge local processing, discovering challenges and trends to arrive at runtime baseline and abstractions. The survey covers the challenges of different evolving architectures x86, ARM, RISC-V with players like Intel, NVIDIA, Microsoft, IBM, Google & Amazon to name a few. The common theme turns out to be intelligent connected edge services on mini–Data Center as one option while the Edge focus to be Scalable, Secure, Reliable, Performant & Automated platform & Services. We have Reference, Glossary at the end for acronyms used.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"46 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125879044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"One Step Further: Tunable and Explainable Throughput Prediction based on Large-scale Commercial Networks","authors":"Roman Zhohov, Alexandros Palaios, Philipp Geuer","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00082","url":null,"abstract":"Throughput prediction remains a relevant and challenging problem in the area of wireless networking. Both users and service providers would benefit from the predictive Quality of Service (QoS) which has the potential to improve perceived service quality by users but also provide valuable insights for the network planning, optimization, and deployment. There are many factors that can hinder the adoption of Machine Learning (ML) models, such as the data collection overhead for the network operator, prediction uncertainties of an ML model and the lack of transparency in the ML inference process. In this paper, we provide results on the instantaneous throughput prediction using ML techniques. The data for the throughput prediction was collected in a live network of one of the biggest operators in Asia which improves confidence of the results. We also discuss how custom loss functions can extract value from prediction errors. Finally, we look at explainability methods providing more transparency on the predictions of ML algorithms. Various explainability methods prove that without being explicitly programmed, ML algorithms can exploit and learn from the underlying physical phenomena and operating principles of wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130207146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"5G-IoT Architecture for Next Generation Smart Systems","authors":"Snigdhaswin Kar, Prabodh Mishra, Kuang-Ching Wang","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00049","url":null,"abstract":"Next Generation 5G networks are of prime importance to meet the increasing demands of emerging IoT applications and industry verticals for high throughputs and ultra-reliable low latency communication. Future IoT services also require high scalability and Internet connectivity for a wide range of applications, including various mobility scenarios. Communication systems developed so far have not been able to fully address the requirements of IoT applications. However, 5G has the capability to satisfy these needs and provides key enabling technologies for ubiquitous deployment of the IoT technology. We propose and evaluate a novel 5G-IoT architecture using Simu5G network simulator for enabling future IoT systems to support next generation applications. The proposed 5G-IoT architecture is shown to achieve high throughputs of around 1 Gbps with sub-millisecond latency and ultra-high reliability for scalable next generation smart systems.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126757445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nadir H. Adam, C. Tapparello, W. Heinzelman, H. Yanikomeroglu
{"title":"Utilizing Ground Nodes with Multi-Hop Capabilities to Extend the Range of UAV-BSs","authors":"Nadir H. Adam, C. Tapparello, W. Heinzelman, H. Yanikomeroglu","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00029","url":null,"abstract":"Due to recent technological advancements in the area of unmanned aerial systems, equipping an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with a base station (BS) has been proposed to augment terrestrial base stations and to enhance the performance of 5G and beyond-5G networks. At the same time, advances in multi-hop ad hoc networks have made these networks feasible for supporting communications when fixed infrastructure is unavailable. In this paper, we examine the benefit of combining these two types of networks, utilizing multi-hop ad hoc networks to augment the coverage achievable by a UAV-BS. In particular, we explore the 3D placement problem for multiple UAV-BSs that maximize the number of covered ground nodes both with and without support of multi-hop ad hoc ground networks. First we present a mathematical formulation of the single UAV-BS placement problem, then we propose a heuristic algorithm that to the best of our knowledge is the first one in the literature to maximize the number of directly and indirectly covered ground nodes considering nodes with the same as well as with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. Simulation results show the merits of our proposed algorithm regarding utilizing the multi-hop capabilities of the ground nodes in terms of reducing the number of UAV-BSs required to cover the nodes compared to a benchmark algorithm that does not take into account the potential of covering nodes indirectly.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126067366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards a Threat Model and Privacy Analysis for V2P in 5G Networks","authors":"Raiful Hasan, Ragib Hasan","doi":"10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/5GWF52925.2021.00074","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities have increased while roadway fatalities have remained relatively consistent. There is an emerging body of research on vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication to reduce collision. However, the success of the real-life implementation of such a system is limited. Current technology and network spectrum are insufficient to support the fully functional V2P system. Research suggests that the low latency and high bandwidth of 5G technology would improve vehicle-pedestrian communication. Unfortunately, such systems raise security and privacy concerns. It is important to systematically analyze the security and privacy issues of such systems. This paper discusses the security and privacy issues of vehicle-pedestrian communication in 5G technology and analyzes the threat model of such applications using the STRIDE model. Such a threat model can help researchers and practitioners build secure V2P systems running over 5G networks.","PeriodicalId":226257,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115249179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}