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Spray behaviour of hydro-treated ester fatty acids fuel made from used cooking oil at low injection pressures 用废食用油加氢处理酯脂肪酸燃料在低喷射压力下的喷射行为
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.80
Q. Azam, S.Z. Sulaiman, N. Abd Razak, N.M. Mazlan
{"title":"Spray behaviour of hydro-treated ester fatty acids fuel made from used cooking oil at low injection pressures","authors":"Q. Azam, S.Z. Sulaiman, N. Abd Razak, N.M. Mazlan","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.80","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The spray characteristics significantly affected the combustion performance. The injection pressure and fuel properties are factors that affect the spray cone angle, penetration, and droplet distribution. Although substantial research has been conducted on spray attributes, understanding the complex biofuel spray dynamics in real nozzles and injectors is crucial. This study examines hydro-processed esters and fatty acid (HEFA) spray characteristics of used cooking oil and palm oil biodiesel in a constant-volume chamber. The study was performed by varying the injection pressures ranging from 30 to 120psi for pure fuels and Jet A-1 blends. Experiments were conducted at standard sea-level atmospheric pressure and an ambient temperature of ±297K using an airblast fuel injector. The initial fuel temperature was set at ±302K. Jet A-1 was used as the baseline fuel for the comparative analysis. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to visualise the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of the fuel spray. The results revealed a progressive increase in the penetration length corresponding to an increase in the injection pressure. Lower pressures yielded non-uniform particle distributions across the spray area, whereas cone angle augmentation stabilised at elevated pressures. A blend of 60% Jet A-1 and 40% HEFA closely matched Jet A-1 characteristics, indicating alternative aviation fuel potential. These real-time insights into spray behaviour are critical for enhancing the fuel efficiency and mitigating the generation of particulate emissions resulting from spray combustion.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79155032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Visualising flight regimes using self-organising maps 使用自组织地图可视化飞行制度
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.71
O. Bektas
{"title":"Visualising flight regimes using self-organising maps","authors":"O. Bektas","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.71","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this paper is to group the flight data phases based on the sensor readings that are most distinctive and to create a representation of the higher-dimensional input space as a two-dimensional cluster map. The research design includes a self-organising map framework that provides spatially organised representations of flight signal features and abstractions. Flight data are mapped on a topology-preserving organisation that describes the similarity of their content. The findings reveal that there is a significant correlation between monitored flight data signals and given flight data phases. In addition, the clusters of flight regimes can be determined and observed on the maps. This suggests that further flight data processing schemes can use the same data marking and mapping themes regarding flight phases when working on a regime basis. The contribution of the research is the grouping of real data flows produced by in-flight sensors for aircraft monitoring purposes, thus visualising the evolution of the signal monitored on a real aircraft.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86454341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A folding wing system for guided ammunitions: mechanism design, manufacturing and real-time results with LQR, LQI, SMC and SOSMC 制导弹药折叠翼系统:LQR、LQI、SMC和SOSMC的机构设计、制造和实时结果分析
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.77
A. Sayıl, F. Erden, A. Tüzün, B. Baykara, M. Aydemir
{"title":"A folding wing system for guided ammunitions: mechanism design, manufacturing and real-time results with LQR, LQI, SMC and SOSMC","authors":"A. Sayıl, F. Erden, A. Tüzün, B. Baykara, M. Aydemir","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.77","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the present work, a folding wing system (FWS) was developed for guided ammunitions, so that the swept-back angle could be adjusted during both gliding and diving phases. Unlike previous designs, the FWS does not have any fixing mechanisms or brake elements, and it provides folding functionality to reduce the drag force during the terminal phase. We conducted mechanism design, manufactured the FWS, performed system identification and designed various controllers including linear quadratic regulator (LQR), linear quadratic integrator (LQI), sliding mode control (SMC) and second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) to adjust and hold the desired swept-back angles. Then, the performance of the FWS was tested experimentally under two different flight scenarios, with and without aerodynamic loads. While all controllers operated with almost zero steady-state error (SSE) in the absence of aerodynamic loads, the SOSMC was the most effective controller under aerodynamic loads, considering SSE, delay, chattering, and energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85075619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spacecraft attitude control based on generalised dynamic inversion with adaptive neural network 基于自适应神经网络广义动态反演的航天器姿态控制
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.78
S. M. N. Jafri, M. Aslam
{"title":"Spacecraft attitude control based on generalised dynamic inversion with adaptive neural network","authors":"S. M. N. Jafri, M. Aslam","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.78","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper proposes a robust generalised dynamic inversion (GDI) control system design with adaptive neural network (NN) estimation for spacecraft attitude tracking under the absence of knowledge of the spacecraft inertia parameters. The robust GDI control system works to enforce attitude tracking, and the adaptive NN augmentation compensates for the lack of knowledge of the spacecraft inertia parameters. The baseline GDI control law consists of a particular part and an auxiliary part. The particular part of the GDI control law works to realise a desired attitude dynamics of the spacecraft, and the auxiliary part works for finite-time stabilisation of the spacecraft angular velocity. Robustness against modeling uncertainties and external disturbances is provided by augmenting a siding mode control element within the particular part of the GDI control law. The singularity that accompanies GDI control is avoided by modifying the Moore-Penrose generalised inverse by means of a dynamic scaling factor. The NN weighting matrices are updated adaptively through a control Lyapunov function. A detailed stability analysis shows that the closed loop system is semi-global practically stable. For performance assessment, a spacecraft model is developed, and GDI-NN control is investigated for its attitude control problem through numerical simulations. Simulation results reveal the efficacy, robustness and adaptive attributes of proposed GDI-NN control for its application to spacecraft attitude control.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84400619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Re-entry vehicle performance analysis under the control of lateral jet 侧向射流控制下的再入飞行器性能分析
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.74
S. P. Sanaka, R.K. Sharma, G. V. Ramana Murty, K. Durga Rao
{"title":"Re-entry vehicle performance analysis under the control of lateral jet","authors":"S. P. Sanaka, R.K. Sharma, G. V. Ramana Murty, K. Durga Rao","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.74","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lateral jets are used to control the missiles and re-entry vehicles at high altitudes. The objective of the research paper is to investigate the effect of lateral jet interaction with the external flow on a blunted nose cone re-entry vehicle configuration and its flight speed. Structured mesh is used for the simulations, and the computational analysis is carried out by Ansys Fluent solver. The simulation results are validated, and the same methodology used for the parametric analysis. Simulations have been carried out at an external flow Mach number 6, 8.1, 12 and 16 at five degree angle-of-attack for jet-off and jet-on conditions. At 8.1 Mach number, the normal force coefficient is decreased by 45.6% due to jet interaction. The lateral jet interaction effectively reduces the nose down pitching moment. At 8.1 Mach number, the pitching moment coefficient was reduced by 48% with the jet-on condition compared to the jet-off condition.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78681660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Virtual Gas Turbines: A novel flow network solver formulation for the automated design-analysis of secondary air system 虚拟燃气轮机:一种用于二次风系统自动化设计分析的新型流网络求解公式
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.70
D. Kulkarni, L. di Mare
{"title":"Virtual Gas Turbines: A novel flow network solver formulation for the automated design-analysis of secondary air system","authors":"D. Kulkarni, L. di Mare","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.70","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The complex and iterative workflow for designing the secondary air system (SAS) of a gas turbine engine still largely depends on human expertise and hence requires long lead times and incurs high design time-cost. This paper proposes an automated methodology to generate the whole-engine SAS flow network model from the engine geometry model and presents a convenient and inter-operable framework of the secondary air system modeller. The SAS modeller transforms the SAS cavities and flow paths into a 1D flow network model composed of nodes and links. The novel, object-oriented pre-processor embedded in the SAS modeller automatically assembles the conservation equations for all flow nodes and the loss correlations for all links. The twin-level, hierarchical SAS solver then solves the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy supplemented with the correlations in the loss model library. The modelling swiftness, mathematical robustness and numerical stability of the present methodology are demonstrated through the results obtained from IP compressor rotor drum flow network model.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82907043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The aerodynamic force estimation of a swept-wing UAV using ANFIS based on metaheuristic algorithms 基于元启发式算法的后掠翼无人机气动力估计
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.73
M. Uzun, H. H. Bilgic, E. H. Çopur, S. Çoban
{"title":"The aerodynamic force estimation of a swept-wing UAV using ANFIS based on metaheuristic algorithms","authors":"M. Uzun, H. H. Bilgic, E. H. Çopur, S. Çoban","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.73","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, a new approach to modeling and controlling the problems associated with a morphing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is proposed. Within the scope of the study, a dataset was created by obtaining a wide range of aerodynamic parameters for the UAV with Ansys Fluent under variable conditions using the computational fluid dynamics approach. For this, a large dataset was created that considered 5 different angles of attack, 14 different swept angles, and 5 different velocities. While creating the dataset, the analyses were verified by considering studies that have been experimentally validated in the literature. Then, an artificial intelligence-based model was created using the dataset obtained. Metaheuristic algorithms such as the artificial bee colony algorithm, ant colony algorithm and genetic algorithms are used to increase the modeling success of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach. A novel modeling approach is proposed that constitutes a new decision support system for real-time flight. According to the results obtained, all the ANFIS models based on metaheuristic algorithms were more successful than the traditional approach, the multilinear regression model. The swept angle that meets the minimum lift needed by the UAV for different flight conditions was estimated with the help of the designed decision support system. Thus, the drag force is minimised while obtaining the required lift force. The performance of the UAV was compared with the nonmorphing configuration, and the results are presented in tables and graphs.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76694744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fretting wear behaviour in 6061-T6 aluminium alloy 6061-T6铝合金的微动磨损性能
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.42
V. Erturun, D. Odabas
{"title":"Fretting wear behaviour in 6061-T6 aluminium alloy","authors":"V. Erturun, D. Odabas","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.42","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, fretting wear in riveted lap joints of aluminium alloy plates was investigated. For the fretting test, 6061-T6 aluminium alloy plates, which are widely used in aircraft construction, and blind rivets were used. Experiments were carried out using a computer controlled Instron testing machine. Fretting surface roughness, microhardness was investigated by metallographic techniques and scanning electron microscopy.\u0000 Tensile load cycles in the riveted lap joint were found to cause damage to all surfaces. Two contact surfaces where friction occurs were investigated. The contact surface of the lower plate with the upper plate, and the contact surface of the lower plate with the rivet head. As load and cycles increased, fretting scars and surface roughness increased.\u0000 Consequently, it has been determined that fretting damages occur between the contact surface of the plates and between the plate and the rivet contact surface.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82013504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of blowing upon dynamic stability of blunt nosed re entry vehicles pitching in hypersonic flow 高超声速气流中吹气对钝鼻再入飞行器俯仰动稳定性的影响
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.72
M. Khalid, K. Juhany
{"title":"Effects of blowing upon dynamic stability of blunt nosed re entry vehicles pitching in hypersonic flow","authors":"M. Khalid, K. Juhany","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.72","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Blowing is often used to alleviate the intense heating rates on blunt noses of hypersonic vehicles. This flow efflux at the leading edge transforms the flow field in the blunt-nose regions with implications on the dynamic stability of the vehicles. As a demonstrative exercise, the flow fields past blunt-nosed and truncated-nosed conical bodies under blowing and no-blowing conditions were perturbed to obtain the unsteady effects using the shock expansion method to recover the unsteady pressure coefficient. Static and pitching moment derivatives were then duly obtained by integrating the differential of the unsteady pressure coefficient with respect to the pitch angle (α) or the pitch rate (\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000$dot theta $\u0000\u0000 \u0000 ) together with the moment arm with reference to the centre of gravity. The results obtained for blunt-nose and truncated conical bodies show a noticeable drop in dynamic stability. Even when the flow is transformed from a tangential blowing at the shoulder of the blunt-nosed vehicle shows some degradation in dynamic stability.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88317179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Key deviation source diagnosis of complex thin-walled structures based on complex networks and weighted transfer entropy 基于复杂网络和加权传递熵的复杂薄壁结构关键偏差源诊断
The Aeronautical Journal (1968) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.63
Y.G. Zhu, Q. Shi, W.P. Jiang, B. Deng
{"title":"Key deviation source diagnosis of complex thin-walled structures based on complex networks and weighted transfer entropy","authors":"Y.G. Zhu, Q. Shi, W.P. Jiang, B. Deng","doi":"10.1017/aer.2023.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2023.63","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There are many deviation sources in the assembly process of aircraft complex thin-walled structures. To get important factors that affect quality, it is crucial to diagnose the key deviation resources. The deviation transfer between deviation sources and assembly parts has the characteristics of small sample size, nonlinearity, and strong coupling, so it is difficult to diagnose the key deviation sources by constructing assembly dimension chains. Therefore, based on the deviation detection data, transfer entropy and complex network theory are introduced. Integrating the depth-first traversal algorithm with degree centrality theory, a key deviation diagnosis method for complex thin-walled structures is proposed based on weighted transfer entropy and complex networks. The application shows that key deviation sources that affect assembly quality can be accurately identified by the key deviation source diagnosis method based on complex networks and weighted transfer entropy.","PeriodicalId":22567,"journal":{"name":"The Aeronautical Journal (1968)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78643475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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