The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents最新文献

{"title":"Multidrug Resistance of Uropathogens at Governmental Hospitals in the Gaza Strip/Palestine","authors":"Sameh A. Alkhodari, A. Elmanama","doi":"10.3823/855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/855","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infection is a public health problem worldwide. E. coli and klebsiella are among the main etiologic for UTI in Gaza Strip. The growing variations in resistance among uropathogens to antimicrobials is multifactorial and varies globally. It greatly reduces/limits or complicate treatment option. \u0000Aims: To determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance among uropathogens at governmental hospitals. \u0000Methods: We analyzed the data of 11,890 urine samples processed in governmental hospitals in the Gaza Strip, Palestine during 2019. The percentage of resistance was calculated for uropathogens, and then multidrug resistance was calculated according to “CDC” definition. \u0000Results: Of 11,890 urine samples, 2910 (24.5%) showed significant growth.  Escherichia coli was isolated most frequently (1743; 59.9%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (725; 24.9%), Pseudomonas spp. (123; 4.2%), Streptococcus spp. (98; 3.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (41; 1.4%). Microorganisms resistance was high against Ampicillin (92.4%) and Amoxicillin (91.1%), Co-Trimoxazole (68.2%), Cefalexin (64.9%), Doxycycline (61.9%), Nalidixic acid (53.6%), Cefuroxime (53.0%), Ceftriaxone (48.9%), Ceftazidime (43.1%), Ciprofloxacin (36.9%), Gentamicin (25.8%), Amikacin (3.2%). The resistance of microorganisms in males is higher than females. Multidrug resistance was detected in 37% of E. coli and 53% in Klebsiella spp. \u0000Conclusion: Resistance is high and variable among uropathogens isolated from patients in Gaza strip. Both age and gender are risk factors in both infection and resistance pattern. The multidrug resistance percentage is growing remarkably in Gaza Strip. \u0000Keywords: Uropathogens, Resistance, Urinary tract infection, Multidrug resistance, Gaza strip, Palestine \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87690531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial activity of selected varieties of Malaysian honey against Escherichia coli: A comparative study","authors":"Mohammad A Al-Kafaween, H. Al-Jamal, A. Hilmi","doi":"10.3823/854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/854","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of three varieties of Malaysian honeybees; Tualang honey (TH), Gelam honey (GH), and Acacia honey (AH) against Escherichia coli. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the honey samples against E. coli were determined by the broth microdilution assay in the presence and absence of catalase enzyme. The mode of inhibition of honey samples against E. coli was investigated by the effect of time on viability. Impacts of the honey samples on the expression profiles of the selected genes of E. coli were examined using RT-qPCR analysis. Results: The results showed that TH and GH honey possessed lowest MIC and MBC values against E. coli with 20% and 25% (w/v) respectively. Highest MIC and MBC values were observed by AH honey against E. coli with 25% (w/v) and 50% (w/v) values, respectively. Among the tested honey samples, TH and GH exhibited the highest total antibacterial activity and the highest levels of peroxide-dependent activity. Time-kill curve demonstrated a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic effect; with a 2-log reduction estimated within 540 min. Viable cells were not recovered after 9 hours exposure to MIC of all honey-treated samples. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that all honey-treated cells share a similar overall pattern of gene expression, with a trend toward reduced expression of the virulence genes of interest. Antibacterial activity of selected varieties of Malaysian honey against Escherichia coli: A comparative study Mohammad A. Al-kafaween1, Hamid A. Nagi Al-Jamal1, Abu Bakar Mohd Hilmi1 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia. Contact information: Hamid A. Nagi Al-Jamal, Mohammad A. Al-kafaween. mohammadalkafaween25@yahoo.com The InTernaTIonal arabIc Journal of anTImIcrobIal agenTs ISSN: 2174-9094 2021 Vol. 11 No. 1:3 doi: 10.3823/854 This article is available at: www.iajaa.org 2 Introduction Honeybees is one of the oldest traditional medicines that has been highly reputed and widely used for the treatment of several human diseases for thousands of years [1]. This reputation has continued up to the present day, leading to the emergence of a relatively new branch of alternative medicine, called \"apitherapy\", which focuses on medical applications of honey and other bee products [2-3]. Nowadays, different types of honey have been used in many countries as an alternative to pharmaceutical products for treating contaminated, infected, and burn wounds [4-5]. This is attributed to the effectiveness of these honeybees in inhibiting or killing a broad spectrum of bacteria [6-7]. E. coli is particularly interesting because it has been recognized as one of the most frequently isolated bacteria in nosocomial and surgical-site infections [8]. Although some studies have examined the effects of honeybees on bacterial structures [9, 10], the majority of thes","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83158487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Available COVID-19 vaccine platforms: A roadmap to eclipsing the SARS-CoV-2 viral saga","authors":"Nancy K. El Beayni, G. Araj, A. Bizri, Najwa Khuri, A. Shehabi","doi":"10.3823/853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/853","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have devastated the globe and continues to be a protracted saga. In the absence of specific efficacious medical remedies, efforts to encounter and contain this emerging virus concentrated on vaccine production. A plethora of novel vaccines has been under development by major companies in different countries. To date, around 60 vaccines are in clinical trials with many other ones continuously added to the evolving pipeline. The variety in their corresponding designed platform and phases, warrants to tackle and understand what is being presented in the literature and launched in the market.  \u0000Thus, this study is intended to enlighten and educate the medical community by reviewing the different vaccine platforms, and briefly explaining their mechanism of action with an emphasis on those that reached most advanced stages.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"261 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78403653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogens for the new antimicrobial agents in Jordan","authors":"Fidsa Jamal Ahmad Wadi Al Ramahi, M Said, Rasmieh Abu Kwaik, W. Jamal, Deema Al Jammal, Nisreen Al Radaidah, Amin A. Aqel","doi":"10.3823/852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/852","url":null,"abstract":"Background \u0000To study resistance rates of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) for new Cephalosporines before their widespread use in Jordan. \u0000Methods \u0000During September 2019 - May 2020, MDR-bacteria were prospectively collected from microbiology laboratories of three hospitals, susceptibility of the extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL), K. pneumoniae-carbapenemases strains (KPC), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPa), carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAb), and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were tested. Demographic details for patients were identified. Antimicrobials evaluated were ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and ceftobiprole medocaril. \u0000Results \u0000Non-duplicate 263 MDR clinical isolates were collected from sterile sites; ESBL (128), P. aeruginosa (57), MRSA (37), KPC (22), A. baumannii (11), and CRE (n = 8). The age was dominated by the older age group (Age > 64, Pearson R = 0.985, R2 = 0.969, P = 0.000). Males were 143 and females 107 (P < 0.000). There were (194) isolate from the wards and (55) were from the ICUs. Sources were urine (96), blood (36), soft tissues (49), abdomen (24), URT (14), and osteo-skeletal (12). Clinical diagnoses were: UTI (90). Bacteremia (36), SSTI (45), IAI (23), pneumonia (17), URTI (13), osteomyelitis (11), and diabetic foot (6). The susceptibility of the ESBL-producing bacteria was 100% for meropenem, 99% for ceftazidime-avibactam, and 90% for ceftolozane/tazobactam. P. aeruginosa was, 73% for ceftazidime-avibactam, 62% susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam, 62% for meropenem, and 45% to ceftobiprole. CRE was 38% susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam and KPC 15%, while ceftolozane-tazobactam susceptibility was zero, and 14% for CRE, and 0% for Ceftobiprole Medocaril. A. baumannii was 13% susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem 9%, and 2% for ceftolozane/tazobactam \u0000Conclusion \u0000Ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam may be useful alternatives for the treatment of ESBL-producers and P. aeruginosa, though the MDR-bacteria demonstrated some resistance to the newly introduced agents before their widespread use in the country.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74902001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates from the clinical and hospital environment in Gaza Strip, Palestine: A review over 20-year","authors":"A. Elmanama, Noor E. S. Abu Tayyem, Isabella Sjölander","doi":"10.3823/859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/859","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threatening problem worldwide, associated with high morbidity and mortality. The dissemination and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is influenced by several factors like inappropriate and unwise use of antibiotics as well as the un-regulated discharge of these antibiotics to the environment. A critical high rates of pathogenic bacteria isolates in Palestine are showing multiple drug resistance patterns. This fact will complicate treatment of patients suffering from bacterial infections. Method: The study performed a review of most published articles on antibiotic resistant bacteria isolates from patients and hospital environment in Gaza strip/Palestine over the period 2002-2021 using Google scholar, Research gate, and PubMed search engines. Results: Out of the 51 articles screened, 29 studies were met the eligibility criteria to be included in this review. The overall results of these studies have shown a high rates of multidrug-resistant gramnegative bacteria especially E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Kebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aerugineosa over the study period. Also, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were also commonly reported among Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions: The high occurrence rates of multidrug resistant bacteria isolates from patients and hospital environment in Gaza/Palestine is alarming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a local plan for containment of antimicrobial resistance by implement antimicrobial stewardship. Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates from the clinical and hospital environment in Gaza Strip, Palestine: A review over 20-year Abdelraouf A. Elmanama1, Noor E. S. Abu Tayyem1, Isabella Sjölander2 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza Strip, Gaza, State of Palestine. 2 Uppsala University, Sweden. Contact information: Noor E. S. Abu Tayyem.  nooreabutayyem@gmail.com.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86180548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging ceftazidime-avibactam resistance against carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Lebanon","authors":"Ghena M Sobh, Abdul Karim El Karaaoui, M. E. Chaar, G. Araj","doi":"10.3823/858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/858","url":null,"abstract":"Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) has been introduced as a novel drug to essentially combat the rising trends of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae. In the absence of in vitro data about the activity of this drug against carbapenem resistant (CR) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Lebanon, this study was warranted.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78416960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Urinalysis Reflex to Culture Criteria: Impact on Antimicrobial Usage","authors":"Mohammad Ourani, N. Honda, W. MacDonald, Jill C. Roberts","doi":"10.3823/851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/851","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To assess the predictive value of the urinalysis (UA) reflex criteria’s parameters and to evaluate the criteria’s impact on antimicrobial usage \u0000Methods: A prospective study using laboratory data was conducted on inpatient urine samples with orders placed for Urinalysis Reflex Culture (UARC) in a 400-bed acute care hospital. A total of 4016 urine samples were collected and examined between February and April 2020. The UA results were then subjected to the laboratory UA reflex criteria for reflecting UA to culture.  Multivariable logistic regression was utilized in evaluating the effectiveness of the criteria’s parameters to predict positive urine cultures \u0000Results: The total number of the positive UA reflex samples was 1539, which accounted for 38.3% of all the UA samples. Moreover, those positive UA samples were reflexed to urine cultures. Among the urine samples that were cultured, 45.1% (n = 694) were negative urine cultures while 54.9% (n = 845) were positive urine cultures. The UA reflex criterion was associated with positive predictive values for positive urine cultures between 26.30% and 92.96%. \u0000Conclusions: The current Laboratory UA reflex criterion is not highly effective in predicting positive urine culture, thus potentially leading to the inappropriate antimicrobial usage.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90770405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence-Based Progressive Passage to Reopening American Societies Post COVID-19","authors":"Z. Daoud, J. McLeod, O. Ikpatt, Magdalena Pérez, Mark G Atkins, Tracy SPeyer, D. Stockman","doi":"10.3823/850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/850","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, the total number of confirmed reported cases of Covid-19 had reached  1.36 million with a total death of 80,574 and a total confirmed recoveries of 210,000 cases. Significant efforts have been invested to flatten the curve and control new cases appearing in the societies. Meanwhile, the governments has imposed a lockdown with the objective of controlling the transmission of the virus. The re-opening of societies is challenging and might involve threats, many of them remain unseen. We describe here a dynamic scenario to un-locking and re-opening societies using an evidence-based design, suggested by an algorithm of screening using RT-PCR and antibodies in a large population.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73018238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Ten Years Study of The Rates and Resistance Trends of the ESKAPE Bacteria Isolated from Sterile Body Sites (2010 – 2019) at a Single Hospital","authors":"J. Wadi Al Ramahi M.D, FIDSA, W. Jamal","doi":"10.3823/847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/847","url":null,"abstract":"Background \u0000To assess the rates and trends of resistance among ESKAPE pathogens during 2010 – 2019. \u0000Methods \u0000A retrospective, single-center study between 2010 –2019, non-duplicate isolates from six sterile sources were studied. Pathogens were processed through the  automated VITEK-2. The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints were referenced. The aim was to detect the rates and resistance trends of the ESKAPE pathogens, the rates of  ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, and the carbapenem-resistant (CR)-K. pneumoniae, CRAb, CRPa, VRE, and MRSA for the inpatients. Trends for the prevalence and resistance rates were analyzed by linear regression. Missing values were averaged based on the neighboring values. Data analysis was by SPSS version 25, and statistical significance is considered for one-tailed P < 0.05. \u0000Results \u0000The ESKAPE bacteria (4286 isolate) comprised (45.57%) of the inpatients' isolates, the sterile sources consisted of 1421 (33.15%): K. pneumonia 272 isolates, the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae significantly declined (Pearson R - 0.877, P = 0.001), CR-K. pneumoniae showed no significant trends (P = 0.475). P. aeruginosa 202 isolates; resistance to carbapenem (CRPa) averaged 42%. S. aureus 198 isolates; MRSA rates averaged 45%. A. baumannii 165 isolates; carbapenem-resistance (CRAb) average 93%. Vancomycin-resistant (VR)E. Faecium = 33%, and VRE. faecalis = 15% with a weighted average 17%. Enterobacter spp. resistance rates were: Amikacin 3.6%, Third and fourth generation cephalosporines 28% and 20% respectively, Quinolones 27% ± 3%, Piperacillin/tazobactam resistance 29%, Imipenem 15%, and Meropenem 27. \u0000Conclusion \u0000The ESKAPE pathogens were highly resistant, making treatment more complicated, and compromise the initial empiric treatment. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74657583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from urine cultures of women in Jordan: A 10-year retrospective study","authors":"Mustafa Alrabayah, Nisreen Nadi, A. Suleiman, Ala' M. Abbad, Hadi Ghanem, Ahmad M. Obeidat, Maysarah Mahdi Alaqrabawi, M. Yousef, T. Harb, Isam K. Bsisu","doi":"10.3823/849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/849","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common medical condition among women. E. coli is the most common causative organism. Appropriate understanding of the development of antimicrobial resistance over the past helps to establish efficient treatment strategies in the future. The study aims to determine the antimicrobial resistance trends exhibited by E. coli isolates from women urine cultures over the past 10 years. Methods: A total of 1874 positive urine samples over the years 2009 to 2018 were reviewed and classified according to the response to 24 different antimicrobial drugs in the laboratory. Relations between time and resistance evolutionary profiles were calculated. Results: Gentamicin (p value =0.039),amoxicillin(p value =0.017), cefoxitin (p value =0.001) and cefixime (p value =0.026) fulfilled satisfactory figures in terms of average resistance, regression of resistance, speed of resistance evolution, steadiness of performance, side effects, spectrum range and cost with high significance. Conclusion: Antibiotics that showed satisfactory susceptibility in culture are recommended for future treatment protocols of urinary tract infection in Jordan. Trends of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from urine cultures of women in Jordan: A 10-year retrospective study Mustafa Alrabayah1, Nisreen Nadi2, Aiman Suleiman2, Ala' Abbad2, Hadil Ghanem2, Ahmad Obeidat2, Maysarah Alaqrabawi2, Mohammad Yousef2, Taima'a Harb2, Isam Bsisu2 1 Assistant professor at The University of Jordan School of Medicine/Amman. 2 Anesthesia and Intensive Care,The Jordan University Hospital/Amman, Jordan. Contact information: Dr. Nisreen Abdel-Kareem Nadi. Address: School of Medicine, The University of Jordan. PO Box 13046, Amman, 11942, Jordan.  nisreen.nadi@ymail.com","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84732855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}