European Bank for Reconstruction & Development Research Paper Series最新文献_第2页

Not so Different From Non-Traders: Trade Premia in the Middle East and North Africa 与非贸易商没有太大区别:中东和北非的贸易溢价

European Bank for Reconstruction & Development Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2017-01-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3119642

David C. Francis, Helena Schweiger

引用次数: 2

Inequality of Opportunity and Beliefs About Success and Failure 机会的不平等和对成功与失败的信念

European Bank for Reconstruction & Development Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-05-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3119696

J. Brock

{"title":"Inequality of Opportunity and Beliefs About Success and Failure","authors":"J. Brock","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3119696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3119696","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at the links between inequality of opportunity and views about the underlying processes that support economic success or failure. Unlike income inequality, inequality of opportunity isolates the extent to which inequality in circumstances beyond an individual's control influences inequality of outcomes. Disparity in outcomes due to exogenous circumstances may be bad for growth because when socio-economic background determines economic outcomes, rather than hard work and creativity, there is less reason to invest in human capital or innovation. Inequality of opportunity may also contribute to civil unrest, thus reducing sustainability of any growth. One channel through which inequality of opportunity can influence individual under-investment and discontent is through perceptions and beliefs. If people do not believe they can get rewarded for hard work and ability, there may be little incentive for people to \"buy into the system'\", for example by building their skills or building a business. Blaming failure on an unfair system can lead to dramatically different choices than if one believes effort is largely rewarded. The working paper shows that while inequality of opportunity is strongly correlated with beliefs about failure, it is not correlated with perceptions about success. These results suggest that while people take credit for their own success, they acknowledge when economic failure may be due to unfair processes. This has implications for how we think about the channels through which inequality of opportunity may impact individual behaviour and, in turn, growth.","PeriodicalId":225158,"journal":{"name":"European Bank for Reconstruction & Development Research Paper Series","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121361426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

How the Western Balkans Can Catch Up 西巴尔干如何迎头赶上

European Bank for Reconstruction & Development Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2016-01-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3119685

Peter Sanfey, Jakov Milatović, A. Krešić

{"title":"How the Western Balkans Can Catch Up","authors":"Peter Sanfey, Jakov Milatović, A. Krešić","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3119685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3119685","url":null,"abstract":"Countries in the Western Balkans – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia – all aspire to membership of the European Union, but they face a major convergence challenge in terms of living standards. The main reason behind this prosperity gap lies in the failure over the years of Western Balkans countries to be competitive, meaning that they lack the appropriate factors and institutions needed for high levels of long-term productivity. The key issue is whether the Western Balkans countries can narrow the gap in the coming decade and, if so, what do they need to do to achieve this. The vital requirement for catching up with the rest of the European Union is a boost to investment in the region. The Western Balkans have a number of attractive features for investors. The long-term EU perspective is a major plus and a unique quality of the region compared with other emerging markets, as it helps to anchor market-oriented reforms and European standards. Strong macroeconomic stability, strategic geographic location, diverse economies, favourable tax regimes and low unit labour costs, combined with a relatively well-educated population, are common attributes throughout the region. Looking ahead, sources of growth include trade integration, within the region and with the rest of the world, exploitation of the region’s energy resources, improvement of the transport infrastructure and technological innovation. However, long-term challenges remain, such as the possibility of a slowdown in reforms, risks posed by financial instability, adverse demographic trends and climate change. But provided governments in the region remain committed to reforms and regional cooperation, these challenges can be mitigated, if not overcome.","PeriodicalId":225158,"journal":{"name":"European Bank for Reconstruction & Development Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128936458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 43

Microfinance at the Margin: Experimental Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina 边缘的小额信贷:来自波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的实验证据

European Bank for Reconstruction & Development Research Paper Series Pub Date : 2012-09-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2021005

Britta Augsburg, R. de Haas, H. Harmgart, C. Meghir

引用次数: 90