The Japanese journal of physiology最新文献

{"title":"The substantia nigra modulates proximal colon tone and motility in a vagally-dependent manner in the rat.","authors":"Tiaosi Xing, G. Nanni, Cameron R Burkholder, K. Browning, R. Travagli","doi":"10.1152/physiol.2023.38.s1.5733721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.2023.38.s1.5733721","url":null,"abstract":"A monosynaptic pathway connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) to neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). This monosynaptic pathway modulates the vagal control of gastric motility. It is not known, however, whether this nigro-vagal pathway also modulates the tone and motility of the proximal colon. In rats, microinjection of retrograde tracers in the proximal colon and of anterograde tracers in SNpc showed that bilaterally labelled colonic-projecting neurons in the DMV received inputs from SNpc neurons. Microinjections of the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist, NMDA, in the SNpc increased proximal colonic motility and tone, as measured via a strain gauge aligned with the colonic circular smooth muscle; the motility increase was inhibited by acute subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Upon transfection of SNpc with pAAV-hSyn-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry, chemogenetic activation of nigro-vagal nerve terminals by brainstem application of clozapine-N-oxide increased the firing rate of DMV neurons and proximal colon motility; both responses were abolished by brainstem pretreatment with the dopaminergic D1-like antagonist SCH23390. Chemogenetic inhibition of nigro-vagal nerve terminals following SNpc transfection with pAAV-hSyn-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry decreased the firing rate of DMV neurons and inhibited proximal colon motility. These data suggest that a nigro-vagal pathway modulates activity of the proximal colon motility tonically via a discrete dopaminergic synapse in a manner dependent on vagal efferent nerve activity. Impairment of this nigro-vagal pathway may contribute to the severely reduced colonic transit and prominent constipation observed in both patients and animal models of parkinsonism. KEY POINTS: Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons are connected to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons via a presumed direct pathway. Brainstem neurons in the lateral DMV innervate the proximal colon. Colonic-projecting DMV neurons receive inputs from neurons of the SNpc. The nigro-vagal pathway modulates tone and motility of the proximal colon via D1-like receptors in the DMV. The present study provides the mechanistic basis for explaining how SNpc alterations may lead to a high rate of constipation in patients with Parkinson's Disease.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80449007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Hebbian‐like plasticity in the ventral premotor – primary motor network","authors":"Andrea Casarotto, E. Dolfini, P. Cardellicchio, L. Fadiga, A. D’Ausilio, G. Koch","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.447","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84108146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor unit dysregulation following 15 days of unilateral lower limb immobilisation","authors":"T. Inns, J. Bass, E. Hardy, D. Stashuk, P. Atherton, B. Phillips, M. Piasecki","doi":"10.1101/2022.06.01.494421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.01.494421","url":null,"abstract":"Disuse atrophy, caused by situations of unloading such as limb immobilisation, causes a rapid yet diverging reduction in skeletal muscle function compared to muscle mass. While mechanistic insight into the loss of mass is well studied, deterioration of muscle function with a focus towards the neural input to muscle remains underexplored. This study aimed to determine the role of motor unit adaptation in disuse-induced neuromuscular deficits. 10 young, healthy male volunteers underwent 15 days of unilateral lower limb immobilisation. Intramuscular EMG (iEMG) was recorded from the vastus lateralis during knee extensor contractions normalised to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) pre and post disuse-induced loss of function. Muscle cross-sectional area was determined by ultrasound. Individual MUs were sampled and analysed for changes in discharge characteristics and MU potential (MUP) shape and structure. Vastus lateralis CSA was reduced by approximately 15% which was exceeded by a two-fold decrease of 31% in muscle strength in the immobilised limb, with no change to the non-immobilised. Parameters of MUP size were largely reduced, while neuromuscular junction (NMJ) transmission instability increased at several contraction levels and MU firing rate reduced. All adaptations were observed in the immobilised limb only. These findings highlight impaired neural input following immobilisation reflected by suppressed MU discharge rate and instability of transmission at the NMJ which may underpin the disproportionate reductions of strength relative to muscle size.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91458845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal obesity: influencing the heart right from the start","authors":"N. Sergienko, J. Bell, K. Weeks","doi":"10.1113/JP283190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP283190","url":null,"abstract":"Nicola M. Sergienko1,2, James R. Bell3 and Kate L. Weeks4,5,6 1Central, Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 2Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia 4Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 5Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 6Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87676752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peptide transporters in teleost fish: a look into the distant past for a more sustainable future","authors":"M. Sala-Rabanal","doi":"10.1113/JP283171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP283171","url":null,"abstract":"The proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters, namely PepT1 (human gene, SLC15A1) and PepT2 (SLC15A2), have been subject to intense scrutiny due to their implications in absorption, reabsorption and distribution of peptidomimetic drugs, notably β-lactam antibiotics (Minhas & Newstead, 2020). While much is known about the pharmacology, molecular mechanisms and structure of the human orthologues (see for example Killer et al., 2021; Sala-Rabanal et al., 2008), less attention has been paid to lower vertebrates, in particular fish. In this issue ofThe Journal of Physiology, Vacca et al. (2022) help to bridge this knowledge gap by using a combination of phylogenetic, biochemical and biophysical approaches to characterize two distinct genes of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) PepT2. Data are put forward that these transporters are expressed, thus potentially serving a physiological purpose, in fish epithelial and neural tissues. The exquisitely conserved mechanistic properties of teleost peptide transport unveiled here showcase the essential role of this ancient family of genes in weathering the selective pressures of protein homeostasis. Critically, this work puts the spotlight on how by-products of human activity may be adding to the ongoing environmental emergency: β-lactams, such as penicillin derivatives and cephalosporins, which are among the most heavily used antibiotics in global healthcare and industrial land farming, are increasingly polluting streams, lakes and oceans, from where they may find their way into the fish bloodstream through gill, intestine or kidney PepTs. Vacca et al. (2022) focus primarily on cultured salmon, and periodic food safety screenings, such as those performed by the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research, ensure that levels of contaminants in farmed seafood are negligible (see, for example, https://www.hi.no/en/hi/nettrapporter/ rapport-fra-havforskningen-en-2021-40); however, less is known about wild-caught fish and shellfish, which are a major part of the diet in many parts of the world. Pharmacokinetics data seem to suggest β-lactam antibiotics do not significantly accumulate in seafood of human consumption, such as the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (Katharios et al., 2004), thereby questioning the likelihood that they may end up on our dinner plate. But these studies are still few and far between, and more research is needed to determine the movement of pollutants along the food chain. Most importantly, the biological, physiological and ecological effects of sustained exposure of fish to runoff antibiotics, as well as how this is contributing to the worldwide antibiotic resistance crisis, remain to be systematically investigated. As industrialization presses on, work in the field of fish transport physiology as that presented here by Vacca et al. (2022) is crucial, not merely for a deeper understanding of the cellular and pharmacological mechanisms involved, but perhaps to ignite a tidal change regarding sus","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89216395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back to the beginning: can we stop brain injury before it starts?","authors":"J. Davidson, A. Gunn, J. Dean","doi":"10.1113/JP283330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP283330","url":null,"abstract":"Neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) attributable to a lack of oxygen and reduced blood flow around the time of birth remains a major global problem, with more than a million associated deaths and 400,000 babies with brain injury every year, contributing to 2.4% of the total global burden of disease. Neonatal HIE affects approximately one to three infants per 1000 in high-income countries and ∼10 times more in lowto middle-income countries. We now know that in high-income countries, therapeutic hypothermia started within 6 h of birth significantly improves survival and reduces disability after HIE. However, nearly half of infants treated with therapeutic hypothermia die or survive with disability, although subsequent trials suggest that current protocols are near optimal. Crucially, the recent large, well-designed HELIX trial in lowto middle-income countries showed that therapeutic hypothermia did not improve outcomes after moderate-to-severe HIE (Thayyil et al., 2021). A common element that might explain the lack of benefit of hypothermia for some infants with HIE is that hypoxia–ischaemia can start well before birth and can evolve for many hours over the course of labour. Thus, at the time of birth, in many cases the brain injury is no longer at a treatable stage. In this issue of The Journal of Physiology, Tran et al. (2022) propose that instead of trying to reduce brain injury by suppressing the evolution of established HIE, we should instead go back to the beginning and build up the defences of the brain against hypoxia–ischaemia before it occurs. Conceptually, if the intervention were to be sufficiently inexpensive and safe, it could be given even to low-risk mothers well before labour and thereby protect babies around the world. In this study, the authors tested fetal creatine supplementation before hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury in near-term fetal sheep. Creatine is a simple guanidine compound abundantly expressed throughout the body, which is both synthesized endogenously and ingested in foods and is widely used as a sports and exercise supplement. Creatine and its phosphorylated form, phosphocreatine, act physiologically in vertebrates as an ATP buffer to maintain ATP-dependent cellular metabolism in all organs. After hypoxia–ischaemia, failure of brain oxidative energy metabolism is the central event initiating brain cell injury and cell death. Thus, creatine supplementation could increase the capacity to maintain cerebral mitochondrial ATP homeostasis during hypoxia–ischaemia. Furthermore, there is some evidence that creatine might have beneficial antioxidant actions. In this study, fetal creatine supplementation (at doses that increased the total creatine content in the brain) reduced baseline brain pyruvate and glycerol concentrations (measured by brain microdialysis) and reduced cerebral hydroxyl radical efflux up to 24 h after hypoxia–ischaemia. Furthermore, fetuses with higher arterial creatine concentrations had small","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88511080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent inward currents in spinal motoneurones: how can we study them in human participants?","authors":"Jacob R. Thorstensen","doi":"10.1113/JP283249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP283249","url":null,"abstract":"Activation of a motoneurone occurs when excitatory synaptic input from descending motor pathways, or sensory projections, is sufficient to bring the membrane potential of the motoneurone above its firing threshold. The input–output gain of motoneurones is enhanced by monoamine neuromodulators released from raphe-spinal neurons (serotonin, 5-HT) and locus coeruleus neurons (noradrenaline, NA). These pathways form monosynaptic connections with the dendrites of motoneurones and have multiple effects on motoneurone excitability. Notably, 5-HT and NA have strong facilitation effects on voltage-gated persistent inward currents (PICs), which amplify synaptic input and promote the self-sustained discharge of motoneurones. In animal preparations with restricted neuromodulator release, intracellular recordings of motoneurones reveal that increasing the magnitude of injected current increases discharge rate linearly. However, in the presence of neuromodulation and PIC activation, the relationship between injected current and discharge rate becomes non-linear. This is reflected in the hysteresis between the magnitude of injected current needed for recruitment and at de-recruitment, one of many PIC-induced non-linearities (e.g. acceleration of firing, firing rate saturation). Compared to recruitment, injected current is lower at de-recruitment as less excitatory input is needed tomaintain ongoingmotoneurone discharge as PICs are active and are generating a strong intrinsic depolarization. Human motoneurones also exhibit hysteresis in the amount of excitatory drive needed to recruit compared to de-recruitment. Instead of injecting current to cause recruitment and de-recruitment, voluntary isometric contractions can be performed to activate motoneurones via synaptic input, and the magnitude of synaptic activation can be inferred from motor unit discharge recorded with electromyography (EMG). Specifically, the discharge rate of a voluntarily recruited lower-threshold ‘control’ unit can be used as an estimate of net synaptic input to the motoneurone pool and a higher-threshold ‘test’ unit. The difference in firing rates for the control unit at the time of recruitment and de-recruitment of the test unit (delta frequency, F) is used to determine the contribution of PICs to test unit activation, with smaller differences indicating a smaller contribution of PICs to motoneurone activation (Gorassini et al., 2002). Animal preparations indicate that the amplitude of PICs in motoneurones is directly proportional to neuromodulatory drive (Heckman et al., 2009), and hence estimating PIC amplitude with the paired motor unit technique provides an opportunity to study the neuromodulatory control of human motoneurones. Neuromodulatory drive to the spinal cord is dynamic, whereby the amount of monoamine release depends on certain behaviours. 5-HT release is coupled with the intensity of motor activity, where higher-intensity motor activities result in more release. NA release t","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76211597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent exposure to (acute intermittent) hypoxia and hypercapnia: a promising therapeutic cocktail for neuroplasticity?","authors":"R. Mesquita","doi":"10.1113/JP283215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP283215","url":null,"abstract":"(peripheral chemoreceptor activation) raphe-spinal serotonergic activation of the serotonergic chemoreceptor activation).","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84867080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote ischaemic preconditioning – translating cardiovascular benefits to humans","authors":"J. Lang, Jahyun Kim","doi":"10.1113/JP282568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP282568","url":null,"abstract":"Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC), induced by intermittent periods of limb ischaemia and reperfusion, confers cardiac and vascular protection from subsequent ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. Early animal studies reliably demonstrate that RIPC attenuated infarct size and preserved cardiac tissue. However, translating these adaptations to clinical practice in humans has been challenging. Large clinical studies have found inconsistent results with respect to RIPC eliciting IR injury protection or improving clinical outcomes. Follow‐up studies have implicated several factors that potentially affect the efficacy of RIPC in humans such as age, fitness, frequency, disease state and interactions with medications. Thus, realizing the clinical potential for RIPC may require a human experimental model where confounding factors are more effectively controlled and underlying mechanisms can be further elucidated. In this review, we highlight recent experimental findings in the peripheral circulation that have added valuable insight on the mechanisms and clinical benefit of RIPC in humans. Central to this discussion is the critical role of timing (i.e. immediate vs. delayed effects following a single bout of RIPC) and the frequency of RIPC. Limited evidence in humans has demonstrated that repeated bouts of RIPC over several days uniquely improves vascular function beyond that observed with a single bout alone. Since changes in resistance vessel and microvascular function often precede symptoms and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, repeated bouts of RIPC may be promising as a preclinical intervention to prevent or delay cardiovascular disease progression.","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89351887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welcome to the touch dome!","authors":"V. Macefield","doi":"10.1113/JP282866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP282866","url":null,"abstract":"ThisHistorical Perspective article celebrates the 600th volume of The Journal of Physiology, recognizing the most highly cited papers published in the Journal. Here I discuss the significance of a landmark study published in 1969 by Ainsley Iggo and Alan Muir, from the Departments of Anatomy and Physiology at The University of Edinburgh. A graduate of Otago University in New Zealand, and having received training in neurophysiology under the tutelage of Jack Eccles, Iggo arrived in Edinburgh (after a 2-year stint in Aberdeen) in 1952 (Iggo, 2001). The paper of interest here, titled The structure and function of a slowly adapting touch corpuscle in hairy skin, built on his work with Muir (his student) in which they had characterized the ‘touch dome’ mechanoreceptors in the hairy skin of the cat. After shaving the hairy skin these domes can be readily seen as punctate elevations of the epidermis, which are usually (but not always) associated with a single hair. The sensory axons that supply these endings are known as the slowly adapting type I (SAI) afferents, and histological evidence showed that the mechanoreceptors are the Merkel cell receptors, now known asMerkel cell–neurite complexes. SAI afferents possess small, well-defined receptive fields composed of several ‘hot spots.’ Iggo and Muir showed that each touch dome is innervated by a single myelinated axon that branches to end as Merkel discs, although a given parent axon can supply several touch domes. Subsequent work in humans, in which single-unit recordings were made via tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, demonstrated that the receptive fields of SAI afferents in hairy skin are composed of two to four ‘hot spots’ of maximal sensitivity, each no doubt corresponding to the location of the receptor terminal from a single axon that branches from the parent axon (Vallbo et al., 1995). In the glabrous skin of the hand there are no touch domes; here, the Merkel cell–neurite complexes are associated with the patterned elevations of the epidermis that form the fingerprint ridges. Nevertheless, the receptive fields of these SAI afferents are composed of several distinct subfields spread across multiple ridges, such that the receptor endings underlying each of these ‘hot spots’ can detect mechanical events at individual fingerprint ridges (Jarocka et al., 2021). Iggo and Muir performed an extensive analysis of the physiology of the ‘touch spot’ receptors. Earlier studies by Brown and Iggo (1963) demonstrated that, after crushing the parent nerve, the characteristic slowly adapting discharge of the afferent only returned once the axon had regrown into the touch dome and the Merkel cell complex had reformed. Iggo and Muir showed that while the receptors responded well to punctate indentation of the touch dome, they were particularly sensitive to light stroking across the receptive field, a feature exhibited by SAI afferents recorded in humans. And, like hu","PeriodicalId":22512,"journal":{"name":"The Japanese journal of physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86109821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}