{"title":"Pollen Germination in vitro","authors":"J. P","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.75360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75360","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224261,"journal":{"name":"Pollination in Plants","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131117458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of Pollination Graphs","authors":"James H. Lee, D. M. Chan, R. Dyer","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74553","url":null,"abstract":"From the agent-based, correlated random walk model presented, we observe the effects of varying the maximum turning angle, δ max , tree density, ω , and pollen carryover, κ max , on the distribution of pollen within a tree population by examining pollination graphs. Varying maximum turning angle and pollen carryover alters the dispersal of pollen, which affects many measures of connectivity of the pollination graph. Among these measures the cluster- ing coefficient of fathers is largest when δ max is between 60 and 90 ∘ . The greatest effect of varying ω is not on the clustering coefficient of fathers, but on the other measures of genetic diversity. In particular when comparing simulations with randomly placed trees with that of actual tree placement of C. florida at the VCU Rice Center, it is clear that having specific tree locations is crucial in determining the properties of a pollination graph. agents determine the ability of the plant population to maintain population genetic structure and determine relative reproductive output for individual trees. The movement of pollinating agents across the landscape is defined as a correlated random walk parameterized by inertia and speed. Across model runs, the aggregate movements of pollinating agents define a de facto pollination network whose characteristics are used to infer the robustness of the overall mating network and provide insights into population genetic stabil-ity. Across replicate runs, we extract parameters describing pollinator-movement dynamics parameters (average and maximum dispersal distances), pollen network robustness (pollen donor connectance and spatial clustering), and future population genetic structure (pollen donor density and diversity).","PeriodicalId":224261,"journal":{"name":"Pollination in Plants","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131210512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan C. Copete, Danny Mosquera Flórez, Luis AlbertoNúñez-Avellaneda
{"title":"Pollination Ecology of the Manicaria saccifera (ARECACEAE): A Rare Case of Pollinator Exclusion","authors":"Juan C. Copete, Danny Mosquera Flórez, Luis AlbertoNúñez-Avellaneda","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76073","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the reproductive biology and pollination ecology of the palm cabecinegro (Manicaria saccifera) in very wet tropical forest, in the Chocó, Pacific region of Colombia. We present data about the phenology, floral morphology, floral biology, reproductive system, and pollination. M. saccifera is monoecious, self-incompatible, lacks apomixis and has dichogamy in the form of protogyny. Flowering occurs all year round with a peak between April and May. A single individual may produce up to five inflorescences in its reproductive period. Each inflorescence has unisexual flowers grouped in dyads and triads; anthesis is diurnal and the flowers may be receptive for 72 h. Flowers are visited by 10 species of insects. The inflorescences in the female-phase do not offer reward and insects are attracted by olfactory mimicry; in the male-phase flowers reward visitors with pollen and a place to oviposit. The most efficient pollinator is Mystrosp cercus (Nitidulidae), the only visitor arriving in abundance during the female-phase. Other insects do not enter the flower because the peduncular bract and the petals act as barriers, blocking the entrance of insects greater than 2 mm. Having one exclusive pollinator which in turn depends on the palm for its survival is an example of extreme specialization and mutual dependence.","PeriodicalId":224261,"journal":{"name":"Pollination in Plants","volume":"489 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115303679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Pollination","authors":"P. Mangena, P. W. Mokwala","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77227","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":224261,"journal":{"name":"Pollination in Plants","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126624690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial Pollination in Kiwifruit and Olive Trees","authors":"T. Gianni, Michelotti Vania","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74831","url":null,"abstract":"In the last 10 years, kiwifruit vine artificial pollination became a widespread practice useful to increase fruit quality. Kiwifruit size is directly proportional to the number of seeds, i.e., to the number of fertilized ovaries. However, artificial pollination efficiency depends on many parameters such as pollen quality (germinability, humidity, and conservation), pollination system (dry or liquid), coadjuvants, and flowering stage. Those parameters were well defined in Actinidia in recent studies, however, they remain quite undefined for other anemophilous pollinated trees such as olive tree, hazelnut, pistachio, and palm. In these plants, the flowers are very small and extremely numerous, so the pollination was difficult to study. In addition, there are incompatibility factors (genetic and physic), long lap time from pollination to fertilization, and alternate bearing, lower economic gain for these fruits, low agronomic input, and low innovation level in the field. All these aspects had reduced the application of pollination technique for these cultivations. The experiences developed in kiwifruit lead to define a new model crop fruit set that could be applied to anemophilous pollinated plants such as olive tree, where the fruit set are lower than 2%. The first experiences have shown a great potential and have encouraged the development of this technique.","PeriodicalId":224261,"journal":{"name":"Pollination in Plants","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116897351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Regulation of Sperm Cells Delivery to the Embryo Sac","authors":"Ryushiro D. Kasahara","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75359","url":null,"abstract":"Pollination, or the first contact between male and female gametophytes, is one of the most important steps in plant reproduction. After pollination, the pollen grains, male gametophytes, are hydrated and then germinate pollen tubes. The pollen tube initially penetrates and grows through the intercellular spaces of the stigma and then grows through the transmitting tract to the placenta connected to an ovule. The pollen tube grows along the surface of the ovule’s funiculus, through the micropyle, and into the female gametophyte. After the pollen tube enters the female gametophyte, it ruptures and releases two sperm cells with its contents. The two sperm cells then move toward and fuse with the egg cell and central cell to produce embryo and endosperm, respectively. Multiple sperm cells typically strive to “win the race” and fertilize an egg cell during animal fertilization; however, in flowering plants, each ovule harboring an egg cell generally encounters only one of many pollen tubes conveying plant sperm cells. This chapter mainly addresses reproductive strategies of plants following pollination from the pollen tube extension and the guidance of two sperm cells to the female gametophyte for fertilization in the ovule.","PeriodicalId":224261,"journal":{"name":"Pollination in Plants","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129909584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenges in Cocoa Pollination: The Case of Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"G. Claus, W. Vanhove, P. Damme, GuySmagghe","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75361","url":null,"abstract":"Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is mainly pollinated by ceratopogonid midges (Forcipomyia spp.). However, other insect species will also pollinate cocoa flowers when these midges are scarce. In Cote d'Ivoire, inadequate pest control practices (insecticide spraying, mostly against the mirids Distantiella theobromae and Sahlbergella singularis) and landscape degradation as a result of deforestation and cocoa monoculture, have decreased overall pollinator population levels and, as a result, pollination services to cocoa trees. The current low average Ivorian cocoa yield of 538 kg per ha (in 2016) is the result of global agricultural mismanagement (deteriorated soils, lack of fertilizers, inadequate or absent pest control, absence of shade trees and intercrops). However, there is also evidence of a pollination gap that would cause low cocoa yield. More research is needed to understand: i) under which agro-ecological conditions efforts to enhance cocoa pollination can improve yield, and ii) which strategies are effective in enhancing cocoa pollination. In this book chapter, we briefly introduce the cocoa sector. Next, the cocoa flower and pollinator biology and phenology are presented, followed by an overview of current environmental and management constraints to cocoa pollination in the context of Cote d'Ivoire, the largest cocoa producer in the world. We conclude with exploring possibilities to enhance pollination in the Ivorian small-scale cocoa sector.","PeriodicalId":224261,"journal":{"name":"Pollination in Plants","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117189810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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