{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"21 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116150413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132087750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122357825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123936944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of Illustrations","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127670302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125504216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Slavery to Middle-Class Respectability","authors":"B. K. Winford","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 examines the Wheeler family in the decades after emancipation and highlights their educational accomplishments, which put them on a path toward middle-class respectability in the early part of the twentieth century. It underscores how their middle-class status and economic independence provided the Wheeler children with more of a level playing field when compared to the black masses, or as much as possible given the limitations of the Jim Crow South. Moreover, it argues that the ideological underpinnings of the industrial “New South” at the end of the nineteenth century offered black business leaders a similar vision of racial uplift through economic independence as a way to reclaim full citizenship. This first chapter sets the stage for understanding the close proximity Wheeler had to black business from an early age—the result of his father becoming an executive with NC Mutual—and why he chose a career in banking.","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117294911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"B. K. Winford","doi":"10.5810/kentucky/9780813178257.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178257.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The conclusion seeks to understand the last decade of John Hervey Wheeler’s life through a discussion about his lasting legacy as a banker and civil rights lawyer. It explains that Wheeler received a number of accolades ranging from honorary doctorates to a building named in his honor on the campus of his alma mater, Morehouse College, in 1976. Wheeler’s children, Julia Wheeler Taylor and Warren Hervey Wheeler, became the ultimate beneficiaries of their father’s “black business activism,” and they went on to have pioneering careers in banking and aviation. The conclusion identifies some of the black leaders that Wheeler mentored who went on to have successful careers in politics, business, and law in the decades that followed, taking up the mantle of leadership from Wheeler. Moreover, North Carolina congressman G. K. Butterfield from the state’s First District, which includes Durham, pushed through Congress H.R. 3460 to name the federal courthouse in Durham the John Hervey Wheeler United States Courthouse.","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127642079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equal Employment, Voting Rights, and Public Policy at the National Level","authors":"B. K. Winford","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 examines Wheeler’s impact on the civil rights movement as a broker on a wider scale during the early 1960s. It argues that during these years, he utilized his increasing political influence regionally and nationally to change policies related to discrimination in employment and voting rights for black Americans. Not only that, but Wheeler vigorously championed the inclusion of blacks in high-level positions within local, state, and federal governments and condemned agencies for their own failures in implementing new employment policies as mandated by the federal government.","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132392254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Black Business Activism in the Great Depression","authors":"B. K. Winford","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr0qsf3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 pivots away from NC Mutual by more closely examining M&F Bank after its establishment and its survival amid the catastrophic collapse that precipitated the Great Depression decade. The chapter argues that because M&F Bank followed an ethos that engendered a deep commitment to the overall prosperity of the black community, it was in a much better position than most black-owned banks to advocate a return to political participation for the black community. In this way, Durham’s black businesspeople served as stalwart community leaders, which provided a training ground for a younger cadre of well-educated and ready activists. Moreover, they embraced a multidimensional strategy of reciprocity—complicated by gender, class, and intergenerational tensions.","PeriodicalId":221434,"journal":{"name":"John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130084287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}