Sub-cellular biochemistry最新文献_第4页

Antiviral Agents: Structural Basis of Action and Rational Design. 抗病毒药物：作用的结构基础与合理设计。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_20

Luis Menéndez-Arias, Federico Gago

{"title":"Antiviral Agents: Structural Basis of Action and Rational Design.","authors":"Luis Menéndez-Arias, Federico Gago","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_20","url":null,"abstract":"During the last forty years, significant progress has been made in the development of novel antiviral drugs, mainly crystallizing in the establishment of potent antiretroviral therapies and the approval of drugs eradicating hepatitis C virus infection. Although major targets of antiviral intervention involve intracellular processes required for the synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids, a number of inhibitors blocking virus assembly, budding, maturation, entry, or uncoating act on virions or viral capsids. In this review, we focus on the drug discovery process while presenting the currently used methodologies to identify novel antiviral drugs by means of computer-based approaches. We provide examples illustrating structure-based antiviral drug development, specifically neuraminidase inhibitors against influenza virus (e.g., oseltamivir and zanamivir) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors (i.e., the development of darunavir from early peptidomimetic compounds such as saquinavir). A number of drugs acting against hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus and their mechanism of action are presented to show how viral capsids can be exploited as targets of antiviral therapy. The recent approval of the antiretroviral drug lenacapavir illustrates the successful application of this knowledge.","PeriodicalId":21991,"journal":{"name":"Sub-cellular biochemistry","volume":"105 ","pages":"745-784"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bacteriophage Receptor Recognition and Nucleic Acid Transfer. 噬菌体受体识别与核酸转移。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_17

Mark J van Raaij

引用次数: 0

Entry of Enveloped Viruses into Host Cells: Membrane Fusion. 包膜病毒进入宿主细胞：膜融合。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_16

Vicente Mas, Jose Antonio Melero

{"title":"Entry of Enveloped Viruses into Host Cells: Membrane Fusion.","authors":"Vicente Mas, Jose Antonio Melero","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_16","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses are intracellular parasites that hijack the cellular machinery for their own replication. Therefore, an obligatory step in the virus life cycle is the delivery of the viral genome inside the cell. Enveloped viruses (i.e., viruses with a lipid envelope) use a two-step procedure to release their genetic material into the cell: (1) they first bind to specific surface receptors of the target cell membrane and then (2) they fuse the viral and cell membranes. This last step may occur at the cell surface or after internalization of the virus particle by endocytosis or by some other route (e.g., macropinocytosis). Remarkably, the virus-cell membrane fusion process goes essentially along the same intermediate steps than other membrane fusions that occur, for instance, in vesicular fusion at the nerve synapsis or cell-cell fusion in yeast mating. Specialized viral proteins, fusogens, promote virus-cell membrane fusion. The viral fusogens experience drastic structural rearrangements during fusion, releasing the energy required to overcome the repulsive forces that prevent spontaneous fusion of the two membranes. This chapter provides an overview of the different types of viral fusogens and their mode of action, as they are currently known. Furthermore, it outlines novel strategies for vaccine development related to stabilized viral fusogens.","PeriodicalId":21991,"journal":{"name":"Sub-cellular biochemistry","volume":"105 ","pages":"567-592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Building the Bacterial Divisome at the Septum. 在隔膜上构建细菌分裂体

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_4

Josiah J Morrison, Jodi L Camberg

{"title":"Building the Bacterial Divisome at the Septum.","authors":"Josiah J Morrison, Jodi L Camberg","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_4","url":null,"abstract":"Across living organisms, division is necessary for cell survival and passing heritable information to the next generation. For this reason, cell division is highly conserved among eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Among the most highly conserved cell division proteins in eukaryotes are tubulin and actin. Tubulin polymerizes to form microtubules, which assemble into cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotes, such as the mitotic spindle that pulls chromatids apart during mitosis. Actin polymerizes to form a morphological framework for the eukaryotic cell, or cytoskeleton, that undergoes reorganization during mitosis. In prokaryotes, two of the most highly conserved cell division proteins are the tubulin homolog FtsZ and the actin homolog FtsA. In this chapter, the functions of the essential bacterial cell division proteins FtsZ and FtsA and their roles in assembly of the divisome at the septum, the site of cell division, will be discussed. In most bacteria, including Escherichia coli, the tubulin homolog FtsZ polymerizes at midcell, and this step is crucial for recruitment of many other proteins to the division site. For this reason, both FtsZ abundance and polymerization are tightly regulated by a variety of proteins. The actin-like FtsA protein polymerizes and tethers FtsZ polymers to the cytoplasmic membrane. Additionally, FtsA interacts with later stage cell division proteins, which are essential for division and for building the new cell wall at the septum. Recent studies have investigated how actin-like polymerization of FtsA on the lipid membrane may impact division, and we will discuss this and other ways that division in bacteria is regulated through FtsZ and FtsA.","PeriodicalId":21991,"journal":{"name":"Sub-cellular biochemistry","volume":"104 ","pages":"49-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Prothrombin-Prothrombinase Interaction. 凝血酶原-凝血酶原酶的相互作用。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_15

Bosko M Stojanovski, Bassem M Mohammed, Enrico Di Cera

{"title":"The Prothrombin-Prothrombinase Interaction.","authors":"Bosko M Stojanovski, Bassem M Mohammed, Enrico Di Cera","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_15","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_15","url":null,"abstract":"The hemostatic response to vascular injury entails a sequence of proteolytic events where several inactive zymogens of the trypsin family are converted to active proteases. The cascade starts with exposure of tissue factor from the damaged endothelium and culminates with conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction catalyzed by the prothrombinase complex composed of the enzyme factor Xa, cofactor Va, Ca2+, and phospholipids. This cofactor-dependent activation is paradigmatic of analogous reactions of the blood coagulation and complement cascades, which makes elucidation of its molecular mechanism of broad significance to the large class of trypsin-like zymogens to which prothrombin belongs. Because of its relevance as the most important reaction in the physiological response to vascular injury, as well as the main trigger of pathological thrombotic complications, the mechanism of prothrombin activation has been studied extensively. However, a molecular interpretation of this mechanism has become available only recently from important developments in structural biology. Here we review current knowledge on the prothrombin-prothrombinase interaction and outline future directions for the study of this key reaction of the coagulation cascade.","PeriodicalId":21991,"journal":{"name":"Sub-cellular biochemistry","volume":"104 ","pages":"409-423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structure and Function of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Transamidase, a Transmembrane Complex Catalyzing GPI Anchoring of Proteins. 催化蛋白质 GPI 锚定的跨膜复合物--糖基磷脂酰肌醇转酰胺酶的结构和功能。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_16

Dianfan Li

{"title":"Structure and Function of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Transamidase, a Transmembrane Complex Catalyzing GPI Anchoring of Proteins.","authors":"Dianfan Li","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_16","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_16","url":null,"abstract":"Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play critical roles in enzymatic, signaling, regulatory, and adhesion processes. Over 20 enzymes are involved in GPI synthesis, attachment to client proteins, and remodeling after attachment. The GPI transamidase (GPI-T), a large complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, catalyzes the attachment step by replacing a C-terminal signal peptide of proproteins with GPI. In the last three decades, extensive research has been conducted on the mechanism of the transamidation reaction, the components of the GPI-T complex, the role of each subunit, and the substrate specificity. Two recent studies have reported the three-dimensional architecture of GPI-T, which represent the first structures of the pathway. The structures provide detailed mechanisms for assembly that rationalizes previous biochemical results and subunit-dependent stability data. While the structural data confirm the catalytic role of PIGK, which likely uses a caspase-like mechanism to cleave the proproteins, they suggest that unlike previously proposed, GPAA1 is not a catalytic subunit. The structures also reveal a shared cavity for GPI binding. Somewhat unexpectedly, PIGT, a single-pass membrane protein, plays a crucial role in GPI recognition. Consistent with the assembly mechanisms and the active site architecture, most of the disease mutations occur near the active site or the subunit interfaces. Finally, the catalytic dyad is located ~22 Å away from the membrane interface of the GPI-binding site, and this architecture may confer substrate specificity through topological matching between the substrates and the elongated active site. The research conducted thus far sheds light on the intricate processes involved in GPI anchoring and paves the way for further mechanistic studies of GPI-T.","PeriodicalId":21991,"journal":{"name":"Sub-cellular biochemistry","volume":"104 ","pages":"425-458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design of Novel Vaccines Based on Virus-Like Particles. 基于病毒样颗粒的新型疫苗设计。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_21

Juan Bárcena, María Zamora-Ceballos, Esther Blanco

引用次数: 0

Fluorescence, Circular Dichroism and Mass Spectrometry as Tools to Study Virus Structure. 荧光、圆二色和质谱作为研究病毒结构的工具。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_6

José L Neira

引用次数: 0

Introduction: The Structural Basis of Virus Function. 简介：病毒功能的结构基础。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_1

Mauricio G Mateu

{"title":"Introduction: The Structural Basis of Virus Function.","authors":"Mauricio G Mateu","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65187-8_1","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses may be regarded as dynamic nucleoprotein assemblies capable of assisted multiplication within cells, and of propagation between cells and organisms. Infectious virus particles (virions) assembled in a host cell are dynamic, generally metastable particles: They are robust enough to protect the viral genome outside the cell but are also poised to undergo structural changes and execute mechanochemical actions required for infection of other cells. This chapter provides a broad introduction to the structural and physical biology of viruses and is intended mainly for virology students. It includes (i) an elementary overview on virions and on the structural basis of virus function; (ii) a concise summary on basic techniques used in structural or physical virology; and (iii) brief structure-based general descriptions of the different stages in the virus cycle, especially those in which virions and/or their components are involved. These contents may facilitate a better understanding of the specialized subjects treated in the rest of this book. This chapter is also intended as a \"road map\" to help the nonexpert reader interconnect and integrate in a single picture the different topics described in depth in the 21 monographic chapters in this book.","PeriodicalId":21991,"journal":{"name":"Sub-cellular biochemistry","volume":"105 ","pages":"3-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chaperone Activators. 女伴活化剂。

Sub-cellular biochemistry Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-66768-8_3

Siarhei A Dabravolski

{"title":"Chaperone Activators.","authors":"Siarhei A Dabravolski","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-66768-8_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66768-8_3","url":null,"abstract":"Ageing is a complex yet universal and inevitable degenerative process that results in a decline in the cellular capacity for repair and adaptation to external stresses. Therefore, maintaining the appropriate balance of the cellular proteome is crucial. In addition to the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems, molecular chaperones play a vital role in a sophisticated protein quality control system. Chaperones are responsible for the correct protein assembly, folding, and translocation of other proteins when cells are subjected to various stresses. The equilibrium of chaperones is pivotal for maintaining health and longevity, as a deficiency in their function and quantity can contribute to the development of various diseases and accelerate the ageing processes. Conversely, their overexpression has been associated with tumour growth and progression. In this work, we discuss recent research focused on the application of various natural and artificial substances, as well as physical and nutritional stresses, to activate molecular chaperones and prolong both life- and healthspan. Furthermore, we emphasise the significance of autophagy, apoptosis, mTOR and inflammation signalling pathways in chaperone-mediated extension of life- and healthspan.","PeriodicalId":21991,"journal":{"name":"Sub-cellular biochemistry","volume":"107 ","pages":"43-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0