{"title":"Corporate First Amendment Rights after Citizens United: An Analysis of the Popular Movement to End the Constitutional Personhood of Corporations","authors":"S. K. Ripken","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1702520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1702520","url":null,"abstract":"No case in the Supreme Court’s last term was more controversial than Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (Citizens United). In a sharply divided 5:4 decision, the Court invalidated strict federal campaign finance laws and upheld the First Amendment right of corporations to spend unlimited sums of corporate money to support or oppose candidates in political elections. Although mainstream criticism of Citizens United was fierce and widely publicized, a lesser known response to the case is a grassroots popular movement calling for an amendment to the Constitution establishing that money is not speech and that human beings, not corporations, are the only “persons” entitled to constitutional rights. The movement has ignited a national campaign to reverse the legal doctrine of corporate personhood, a doctrine that has allowed corporations for the last century to claim the same legal rights that natural persons possess. Anti-corporate activist groups revile the dominance of corporate power in modern society and believe now is the time to “overthrow corporate rule.” By orchestrating a nationwide initiative to amend the Constitution, these groups hope to follow in the steps of other social justice movements, like the suffragists and the civil rights activists, who successfully organized to demand legal reform. This Article seeks to bring attention to this burgeoning popular movement and the challenges it faces. The grassroots mobilization of these activist organizations in response to Citizens United raises important questions about the relevance of citizen interpretations of constitutional meaning and the role of law in shaping beliefs. This Article uses the doctrine of corporate personhood and the constitutional amendment campaign as points of departure for a broader analysis of the relationships between social movements, constitutional legal reform, and the expressive function of the law.","PeriodicalId":219760,"journal":{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127439650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Door Arbitration: Why Allowing Nonsignatories to Unfairly Utilize Arbitration Clauses May Violate the Seventh Amendment","authors":"Nima H. Mohebbi","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2155790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2155790","url":null,"abstract":"A brief look into the propriety of equitable estoppel in the arbitration context, considering the contractual principles of waiver and mutual asset and the Seventh Amendment's right to trial by jury in civil cases.","PeriodicalId":219760,"journal":{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123930059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equitable Clawback: An Essay on Restoration of Executive Compensation","authors":"Manning G. Warren","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1407129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1407129","url":null,"abstract":"The remedy of restoration of compensation, known in the agency context as the faithless servant doctrine, provides for the corporate principal's recovery of compensation previously paid or payable to corporate officers and other agents who have breached their fiduciary obligations. Although a limited clawback provision was one of the reforms enacted as part of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, courts have refused to imply a private remedy, and, even if they were to do so, it would be of limited utility. Given the many variations of the clawback concept, including the demands for clawback of AIG and Merrill Lynch bonuses and of pre-bankruptcy returns paid to Madoff investors, I have chosen to distinguish the equitable remedy of restoration of compensation as equitable clawback. My essay contends that the remedy's increased recognition and broader use would add primacy to individual versus entity liability, and, consequently, help reestablish the link between executive wealth and executive responsibility.","PeriodicalId":219760,"journal":{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131670349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disability Civil Rights and a New Paradigm for the Twenty-First Century: The Expansion of Civil Rights Beyond Race, Gender and Age","authors":"P. Miller","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1202503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1202503","url":null,"abstract":"The modern workplace is becoming diverse in ways that are no longer captured by exclusive categories of race, gender, and age. Class and economic differences, sexual orientation, multiple careers, and individuals with disabilities are all a part of a workforce that is changing the American employment landscape in non-traditional ways. For many people in the workforce, being treated \"equally\" does not always achieve a workplace free of discrimination, nor accomplish the broad goals of civil rights. The lack of homogeneity among people with disabilities requires an individual and contextual analysis under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), as well as a flexible, interactive process between the employer and the employee to provide a reasonable accommodation. Miller argues that this disability rights paradigm - one that necessitates an individualized, case-by-case analysis of discrimination - better reflects the diversity and needs of the complex, modern workforce.","PeriodicalId":219760,"journal":{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124957018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Selected Current Bibliography","authors":"W. Kit","doi":"10.1111/1540_6245.jaac4.2.0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1540_6245.jaac4.2.0123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":219760,"journal":{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125287705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}