SSSA Book SeriesPub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C46
W. Ghiorse
{"title":"Iron and Manganese Oxidation and Reduction","authors":"W. Ghiorse","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C46","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial oxidation and reduction of Fe and Mn are of wide-ranging importance to soil scientists (Alexander, 1977; Paul & Clark, 1989). Indeed, knowledge of the distribution, abundance, identity, and activity of Feand Mn-transforming microbes in soils and sediments can greatly enhance studies on such diverse agricultural and environmental problems as Fe and Mn availability to plants, metal accumulation, toxicity and mobility of metals and pesticides, and clogging in wells and wetland drainage systems. Knowledge of the biology of Feand Mn-transforming microorganisms may allow for future applications in which the metal mobilization and immobilization activities of these microorganisms are exploited for economic and environmental benefit (Ehrlich & Brierley, 1990). Except for the morphologically recognizable \"iron bacteria,\" relatively little is known of the occurrence of Fe-Mn-transforming organisms in nature. Even less is known of their function in natural systems or the factors controlling their in situ activities. On the other hand, several model organisms have been isolated and characterized taxonomically (e.g., Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptothrix discophora, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Geobacter metallireducens (Lovley et aI., 1993)). In some cases, the biochemical mechanisms underlying their Feand Mn-transforming abilities have been investigated. (For reviews, see Ghiorse 1984, 1988; Ehrlich, 1987, 1990; Lovley, 1987, 1991; Nealson et aI., 1988, 1989; Myers & Nealson, 1990; Ehrlich et aI., 1991; Nealson & Myers, 1992). A persistent problem has been the difficulty of distinguishing abiotic from biologically mediated (biotic) transformations, especially in environments like soil where microbial activity may alter the redox chemistry of the microenvironment, causing Fe and Mn redox changes to occur by direct or indirect mechanism (Ehrlich, 1990). These problems also apply to microbial growth media which, in some instances, may be altered by growthinduced changes in pH or Eh or metabolic products that cause chemical oxidation or reduction of Fe and Mn. These possibilities are taken into","PeriodicalId":21966,"journal":{"name":"SSSA Book Series","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85371579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SSSA Book SeriesPub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER8.C15
D. Suarez
{"title":"Chemistry of Salt-Affected Soils","authors":"D. Suarez","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER8.C15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER8.C15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21966,"journal":{"name":"SSSA Book Series","volume":"54 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80762165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SSSA Book SeriesPub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C10
C. Johnston, Y. Aochi
{"title":"Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy","authors":"C. Johnston, Y. Aochi","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21966,"journal":{"name":"SSSA Book Series","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83091401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SSSA Book SeriesPub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C31
W. Frankenberger, M. Tabatabai, D. Adriano, H. Doner
{"title":"Bromine, Chlorine, & Fluorine","authors":"W. Frankenberger, M. Tabatabai, D. Adriano, H. Doner","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21966,"journal":{"name":"SSSA Book Series","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83161705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SSSA Book SeriesPub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C43
D. Sparks, S. Fendorf, C. V. Toner, T. H. Carski
{"title":"Kinetic Methods and Measurements","authors":"D. Sparks, S. Fendorf, C. V. Toner, T. H. Carski","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.3.C43","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21966,"journal":{"name":"SSSA Book Series","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83237816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SSSA Book SeriesPub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C2
T. Parkin, J. A. Robinson
{"title":"Statistical Treatment of Microbial Data","authors":"T. Parkin, J. A. Robinson","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21966,"journal":{"name":"SSSA Book Series","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82251273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SSSA Book SeriesPub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C31
M. Sadowsky
{"title":"DNA Fingerprinting and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis","authors":"M. Sadowsky","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.2.C31","url":null,"abstract":"DNA fingerprinting and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses have proven extremely useful for strain identification, epidemiological studies, and the taxonomic analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Both techniques require the isolation of relatively high-molecular-weight genomic or plasmid DNA, enzymatic cleavage of the isolated nucleic acids using restriction endonucleases, and electrophoretic separation of the resulting DNA fragments. The two techniques differ with respect to the means of examining the resultant restriction fragments: DNA fingerprinting uses ethidium bromide staining and visualizes all restriction fragments, whereas RFLP analysis used DNA or RNA probes that selectively bind (hybridize) to a few restriction fragments. In either case, the resulting banding patterns are generally unique to one or a few strains of a particular microbe and as such, can serve as a \"fingerprint\" for strain identification. Figure 31-1 shows the general scheme for DNA fingerprinting and RFLP analysis of bacterial genomic DNA. While DNA fingerprinting is relatively rapid, routine, and inexpensive to perform, RFLP analysis is more complex, expensive, and time consuming. However, RFLP analysis can show small differences between the genomic DNAs of organisms that is not evidenced by DNA fingerprinting techniques. In addition, RFLP analyses can also be useful for the construction of genetic maps and for map-based cloning in eukaryotic organisms (Young, 1990). More recently, it has been shown that DNA primers corresponding to repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences,coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (peR) technique can be used to fingerprint the genomes of a large number of different gram-negative soil bacteria (de Bruijn, 1992; Hulton et aI., 1991; Judd et aI., 1993; Stem et aI., 1984; Versalovic et aI., 1991).","PeriodicalId":21966,"journal":{"name":"SSSA Book Series","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80897170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SSSA Book SeriesPub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.4.C48
K. McInnes
{"title":"5.1 Temperature","authors":"K. McInnes","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.4.C48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER5.4.C48","url":null,"abstract":"Back in Physics 9A, the idea of thermal energy first arose in the context of energy conservation. We concluded that work done by non-conservative forces would convert mechanical energy into this form of energy, which became internal to the system, and didn't spontaneously return to mechanical form. We know intuitively that this form of energy reveals itself to our senses through temperature. We also can intuit that two objects at different temperatures that are brought into contact can exchange energy an change their temperatures (cold milk added to hot coffee both cools the coffee and warms the milk).","PeriodicalId":21966,"journal":{"name":"SSSA Book Series","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90791376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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