{"title":"What is a Tree Worth? Green-City Strategies and Housing Prices","authors":"G. W. Bucchianeri, Susan M. Wachter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1877213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1877213","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the correlation between curb-side tree plantings and housing price movements in Philadelphia from 1998 to 2003, comparing two programs, one by the Philadelphia Horticultural Society that requires block-group effort that focuses on low-income neighbourhoods and the other by the Fairmount Park Commission that is individual-based without specific target areas. A 7 to 11 percent price differential is identified within 4000 ft of the Fairmount tree plantings. We argue that this is largely driven by either social capital creation or a signaling mechanism, on the top of an intrinsic tree value (around 2 percent). Findings using the PHS tree program suggest that development of social capital or environmentally-conscious behavior might be a less important channel. Any positive changes brought by the PHS tree plantings were not detected with sufficient statistical power.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"11 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121220444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy, Environmental and Climate Issues in Asia","authors":"Zhongxiang Zhang","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.920756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.920756","url":null,"abstract":"The Harvard Project for Asian and International Relations (HPAIR) is student-run organization of the Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Its flagship project is its international student conference, held in Asia each summer. The conference is centered around six stimulating topics focusing on international relations, business, political economy, culture, technology, and a variety of other topics, and brings together students and a distinguished group of speakers from across the globe to discuss the most important issues relevant to the Asia-Pacific region. For this year conference in Singapore, the HPAIR undertakes \"a series of interviews with world leaders, renowned scholars and leading business professionals to discuss their personal experiences in studying and helping to shape the future of Asia\". This paper details my responses to its interview questions on energy issues in China, China's hunt for oil in Africa, environmental policy in China, and the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate. It appears in Redefining Asia: Visions and Realities, edited by Harvard Project for Asian and International Relations, Harvard University, 2006.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121362216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbon Credits - Project Financing the 'Green' Way","authors":"Gaurav Raizada, Gurpreet S. Sahi, M. Sachdev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.987651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.987651","url":null,"abstract":"In 1997, Kyoto Protocol, a voluntary treaty was signed by 141 countries to reduce the emissions of Global House Gases by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012. Certified Emissions Reductions (CER) or Carbon credits are certificates issued certifying reduction in emissions. The developing countries have been exempted from any such restrictions. These certificates can be traded in the market and purchased by firms which find purchasing emission credits to offset its emissions lower in cost. Thus an opportunity has emerged for firms in developing countries like India, Brazil and China to boost their earnings by complying with norms. These additional cash flows from sales of credits result in an incremental Internal Rate of Return by 2-7%. This has opened up a new source of cash flow in project financing making unviable projects viable by exceeding the hurdle rate for investment returns. It will be pragmatic on part of firms to consider this mode of cash flows in project financing.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123517892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transactions Costs, Innovation and Learning","authors":"B. Nooteboom","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.903748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.903748","url":null,"abstract":"Contribution to 'Companion to neo-Schumpeterian economies', to be published by Edward Elgar in 2006.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122124706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainable Development in Higher Education","authors":"M. Shamsuddoha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1302273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1302273","url":null,"abstract":"Bangladesh has the highest density of population among all countries of the world and is the worst victim of environmental alarming conditions. This article focuses on attempts to introduce elements of sustainable development education into the curriculum of one of the largest Bangladeshi university. At the University of Chittagong, sustainable development issues have been introduced under different subjects in the commerce f aculty. There are many ways in which universities can be involved in sustainable development. Approaches can vary from functioning simply in an environmental friendly way to signing declarations and focusing the mission and management on the quest for sustainability. There is no doubt, however, that the challenge of sustainable development for universities goes beyond just economizing energy and changing operations. It is recognized that both the content and form of education must change so that sustainable development becomes the only alternative for future generations. However, the researchers tried to explore the role, coverage, way, importance, present status and other relevant issues under the sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116480811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oil Pollution Prevention and Enforcement Measures and Their Effectiveness: A Survey of Empirical Research","authors":"M. Cohen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.922492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.922492","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the empirical research on the effectiveness of oil pollution prevention and enforcement measures in the United States. I consider both \"prevention\" or \"monitoring\" activities such as government inspections, and \"enforcement\" activities such as sanctions, remedial actions, and other mechanisms designed to punish and/or bring a firm into compliance to reduce the frequency and/or size of spills. Over the past 20 years, there have been a series of independent studies by academic researchers analyzing Coast Guard and oil spill data with the goal of determining the effectiveness of alternative monitoring, enforcement and penalty policies. While the overwhelming finding from these studies is that enforcement efforts reduce oil spills, questions abound about the proper mix of enforcement techniques and whether the costs of more enforcement would exceed the benefits.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131750438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainable National Income: A Trend Analysis for the Netherlands for 1990-2000","authors":"M. Hofkes, R. Gerlagh, V. Linderhof","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1009284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1009284","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a trend analysis of the Sustainable National Income (SNI) indicator for the Netherlands over the period 1990-2000. The SNI indicator, first proposed by Hueting, corrects net national income (NNI) for the costs to bring back environmental resource use to a 'sustainable' level. We use an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model specifying 27 production sectors given a set of pre-determined sustainability standards. The AGE model is extended with emissions and abatement cost curves, based on a large data set for nine environmental themes. The numerical results indicate that, over time, SNI moves closer to NNI. In addition, we apply a 4-factor decomposition analysis of the SNI trend to identify the underlying forces of economic development. Overall productivity growth led to an increase in NNI and a less than proportional increase in SNI (scale effect). Changes in composition of the economy had a small effect on SNI (composition effect). Emission intensities substantially decreased and led to lower emissions and an increased SNI (technique effect). Finally, during the sub-period 1995-2000, many new emission-poor technologies became available but were left unused, leaving actual emissions unchanged but increasing SNI (abatement effect).","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130249538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ikea and the Natural Step","authors":"Andrea L. Larson, Joel E. Reichart","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.908793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.908793","url":null,"abstract":"In 1996, IKEA's $5 billion in revenues made it the world's largest retailer of furniture and home furnishings. This case uses IKEA to analyze how large companies can retain their entrepreneurial roots and innovative capacities through various means, including the management of global networks of alliances, internal systems that encourage innovation, and a strong corporate culture. IKEA has extended its activities as an innovator through its incorporation of the Natural Step framework for assessing the ecological and social sustainability of commercial activity. The case lends itself to class discussions of entrepreneurship and innovation in large firms, environmentally responsible strategies and network ties, leadership, and corporate culture/values.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114173912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Garbage and Recycling in Communities with Curbside Recycling and Unit-Based Pricing","authors":"Thomas C. Kinnaman, D. Fullerton","doi":"10.3386/W6021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W6021","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the impact of a user fee and a curbside recycling program on garbage and recycling amounts, allowing for the possibility of endogenous policy choices. Previous estimates of the effects of these policies could be biased if unobserved variables such as local preference for the environment jointly impact the probability of implementing these policies and the levels of garbage and recycling collected in the community. A simple sequential model of local policymaking is estimated using original data gathered from a large cross-section of communities with user fees, combined with an even larger cross-section of towns without user fees but with and without curbside recycling programs. The combined data set is larger and more comprehensive than any used in previous studies. Without correction for endogenous policy, the price per unit of garbage collection has a negative effect on garbage and a positive cross-price effect on recycling. When we correct for endogenous policy, then the effect of the user fee on garbage increases, and the significance of the cross-price effect on recycling disappears.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117142415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economics of the Generation and Management of Municipal Solid Waste","authors":"David N. Beede, D. Bloom","doi":"10.3386/W5116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W5116","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the generation and management of solid waste (MSW) through the lens of economics. We estimate that the global burden of MSW amounted to 1.3 billion metric tons in 1990, or 0.67 kilograms of waste per person per day. Industrial countries account for a disproportionate share of world MSW relative to their share of world population, while developing countries account for a disproportionate share of the world's MSW relative to their share of world income. Cross-country and time-series analyses reveal that MSW generation is positively associated but inelastic with respect to per capita income, and positively associated and unit elastic with respect to population size. Practices for collecting, processing, and disposing of MSW vary widely across countries in accord with the nature of the waste stream and key features of the environmental and economic context. However the least efficient practices tend to be found in developing countries, where MSW poses serious environmental quality and public health threats. Although considerable evidence indicates that the generation and management of MSW is sensitive to income and price variables, natural incentives to overuse common property and the presence of intergenerational externalities both suggest that private economic behavior will not yield socially optimal outcomes in this area. Community intervention may thereby promote the social good, with evidence accumulating that favors arrangements involving the of private firms. The cost of MSW management is likely to grow faster than the pace of urbanization if urbanization outpaces the development of transportation infrastructures. Our calculations also suggest that improvements in the handling of hazardous MSW will be far less expensive in discounted terms than undoing in the future the damage being caused by current practices.","PeriodicalId":219371,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Environmental Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115848637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}