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International Journal of Nuclear Desalination最新文献

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Chlorine stability of fully aromatic and mixed aromatic?aliphatic polyamide thin film composite membranes 全芳香族和混合芳香族的氯稳定性?脂肪族聚酰胺薄膜复合膜
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-09-10 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.020224
D. Manish, P. R. Buch, A. Rao, J. Trivedi, A. Reddy
{"title":"Chlorine stability of fully aromatic and mixed aromatic?aliphatic polyamide thin film composite membranes","authors":"D. Manish, P. R. Buch, A. Rao, J. Trivedi, A. Reddy","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.020224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.020224","url":null,"abstract":"Composite membranes containing a poly(m-phenylenediamine-trimesoamide) – poly(MPD-TMC), a fully aromatic polyamide – or poly-(1,3?cyclohexanebis?methylamine-trimesoamide) – poly(CHMA-TMC), a mixed aromatic-aliphatic polyamide – barrier layer were prepared and were exposed to different concentrations of NaOCl solution containing 2000 ppm NaCl. An increase in water flux from 78 to 103 litres/m² h and a decrease in salt rejection from 94% to 91.3% were observed for poly(MPD-TMC) membranes, and a decrease in both water flux (73 to 36 litres/m² h) and NaCl rejection from (77.9% to 38.5%) for poly(CHMA?TMC) membranes were observed upon exposure to NaOCl solution for 24?360 ppmh. The observed results for the poly(MPD?TMC) membrane may be attributed to the conversion of the amide N?H group to a N?Cl group, followed by polymer degradation upon exposure to NaOCl solution. The decrease in both flux and rejection in the poly(CHMA-TMC) membrane may be due to the conversion of the hydrogen bonding amide N?H group to the stable N?Cl group in polyamide chain, which does not undergo decomposition as it contains aliphatic diamine. The infrared (IR) spectra of chlorine-exposed poly(CHMA-TMC) membranes have shown a clear split in both the amide-I (C=O stretch) band at 1645 cm−1 and the amide-II (C?N?H) band at 1543 cm−1, whereas a decrease in the intensities of the amide-I and amide-II bands was observed for poly(MPD-TMC) membranes.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133686172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Innovative seawater intake for reverse osmosis desalination plants 用于反渗透海水淡化厂的创新海水入口
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018924
J. Malfeito, J. Díaz-Caneja, A. Jiménez
{"title":"Innovative seawater intake for reverse osmosis desalination plants","authors":"J. Malfeito, J. Díaz-Caneja, A. Jiménez","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018924","url":null,"abstract":"Seawater desalination plants typically consist of four major unit operations: seawater intake, pretreatment, Reverse Osmosis (RO) stage, and posttreatment and brine discharge. The best way is to go through vertical beach wells, but the increase of the production capacity of the plants built in recent years makes open intake the only solution. These open ocean intakes draw seawater through the meshed intake screen and then convey the seawater to the desalination plant. The raw seawater then undergoes pretreatment, typically using either conventional or membrane pretreatment processes to prevent particle/colloidal fouling of Reverse Osmosis/Nanofiltration (RO/NF) membranes. Use of these pretreatment processes increases the capital cost of the facility and also escalates the operational costs, as these facilities require additional chemicals and energy. For these reasons, an alternative has arisen in recent years, namely horizontal boreholes. The present paper analyses this option and compares its performance in a real case study.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123771087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Brackish water desalination technologies 咸淡水淡化技术
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018926
D. Singh, R. Bharadwaj, A. Mahapatra
{"title":"Brackish water desalination technologies","authors":"D. Singh, R. Bharadwaj, A. Mahapatra","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018926","url":null,"abstract":"This paper classifies various types of water according to their total dissolved salt content. It then discusses various technologies for brackish water desalination and their advantages and disadvantages. These technologies include different thermal processes as well as membrane processes. The thermal processes include Multistage Flash (MSF), Multieffect Distillation (MED) and Vapour Compression Distillation (VCD); and the membrane processes include Reverse Osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis. The Relative Global (RG) weights for these technologies are also mentioned. The number of installations using the reverse osmosis method is growing at very fast rate.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130648692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Improvement in motor performance during high-pressure pump starting at NDDP, Kalpakkam Kalpakkam NDDP高压泵启动过程中电机性能的改善
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018929
R. Nagaraj, V. Murugan, A. Y. Dangore, K. L. Thalor, A. Saxena, S. Prabhakar, P. K. Tewari
{"title":"Improvement in motor performance during high-pressure pump starting at NDDP, Kalpakkam","authors":"R. Nagaraj, V. Murugan, A. Y. Dangore, K. L. Thalor, A. Saxena, S. Prabhakar, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018929","url":null,"abstract":"The major energy requirement required for a seawater reverse osmosis plant is in the form of electrical energy. The primary energy requirement in the process is the electrical energy fed to high-pressure pumps to pressurise the feed seawater to the membranes. This high-pressure pump, being a high inertia load, requires very high torque at the time of starting. This requirement results in increased acceleration time of the motor, which subsequently increases the strain on the upstream electrical system from motor feeder to transformer. Such starting characteristic necessitates provision of a special starting scheme for the high-pressure pump motors. The seawater reverse osmosis plant of the Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Project (NDDP) was commissioned in October 2002 at Kalpakkam, India. This paper presents the experiences of problems faced owing to the typical starting characteristics of high-pressure pumps and provision of series reactor type motor starter for the same.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"64 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134466958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
R&D areas for next-generation desalination and water purification technologies 下一代海水淡化和水净化技术的研发领域
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018928
A. Raha, I. Rao, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari
{"title":"R&D areas for next-generation desalination and water purification technologies","authors":"A. Raha, I. Rao, V. Srivastava, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018928","url":null,"abstract":"By 2020, desalination and water purification technologies are expected to contribute significantly to ensure a safe, sustainable, affordable and adequate water supply in India. The cost of producing water from the current-generation desalination technologies has declined over time at a rate of only approximately 4% per year. Hence the need to accelerate our Research and Development (R&D) activities with a near and long-term objectives for evolution of current generation desalination technology along with the creation of revolutionary next-generation advanced desalination and water purification technologies that will offer a promise of 'step reduction' in the cost of producing water. There are five broad technological areas (thermal technologies, membrane technologies, alternative technologies, concentrate management technologies, reuse and recycle technologies) that encompass the spectrum of desalination technology. In this paper, high-priority research areas in all the above technological areas are discussed to help make decisions about the research direction that will address our nation's future water supply challenges.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114429354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Water scenario in India 印度的水情景
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018925
N. Patel, Shivangi Kachalia, A. Mahapatra
{"title":"Water scenario in India","authors":"N. Patel, Shivangi Kachalia, A. Mahapatra","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018925","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives the average annual rainfall in some states of India and discusses the water scenario of some metropolitan cities of India. The major river basins, medium river basins and various water resources of India are also listed, with emphasis on water resource planning and management in India.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130822323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD): new sustainable desalination process 低温热脱盐(LTTD):一种新的可持续脱盐工艺
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018930
M. Rognoni, S. Kathiroli, P. Jalihal
{"title":"Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD): new sustainable desalination process","authors":"M. Rognoni, S. Kathiroli, P. Jalihal","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018930","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a scarce resource, and new collection and production facilities are predicted as necessary in the coming years. Sea water desalination shall be a key technology for the production of fresh water in many areas of the world, and great efforts are now in progress to increase the reliability of the desalination processes and to reduce the relevant investment and operation costs. In this effort, new conceptual desalination process and schemes have been implemented with remarkable innovative content by desalination engineers worldwide. This paper is focused on a quite innovative and inexpensive new process. This process was originally tested by the former SOWIT in Italy and is now redesigned on independent parameters by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) in India, for the same specific installations on islands of the Indian Ocean.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129803249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Cogenerative seawater reverse osmosis. Part 1: elements characteristics 共产海水反渗透。第1部分:元素特性
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018932
A. Karameldin, S. Taher, E. Abdel-Hadi, Ramadan M. Afify
{"title":"Cogenerative seawater reverse osmosis. Part 1: elements characteristics","authors":"A. Karameldin, S. Taher, E. Abdel-Hadi, Ramadan M. Afify","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018932","url":null,"abstract":"This work is a part of an extensive study performed in the area of cogenerative seawater Reverse Osmosis (RO) design, appraisal and rehabilitation. It is concerned with large-scale contiguous seawater RO systems, focusing on the 8040-type membranes of high-flow and high-salt rejection ranging in area from 300 to 400 ft². Seventeen types of membranes are selected between large- and medium-sized spiral-wound membranes (FilmTec, Fluid Systems (Koch), Hydranautics, Osmonics, Toray, Trisep and CSM). The equations describing the above-mentioned membrane permeability coefficients are deduced; using the manufacturer-associated software for each membrane. A study of the leading element of the array shows that there are constraints that must be considered. These constraints include maximum membrane flux, maximum applied feed pressure, maximum feed flow rate, and maximum feed temperature. In order to attain a maximum membrane flux, the applied feed pressure must be lowered as the feed temperature is increased. The results from the present study (for the different operating conditions), highlighted promising membranes that could be adapted for the cogenerative contiguous membranes RO process. It should be pointed out that other studies must be carried out for the RO system designed for the aforementioned membrane to confirm these findings.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126390062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experiences with the conventional pretreatment system in the seawater reverse osmosis plant at Kalpakkam 传统预处理系统在Kalpakkam海水反渗透厂的应用经验
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018927
V. Murugan, R. Nagaraj, A. Y. Dangore, S. Prabhakar, P. K. Tewari
{"title":"Experiences with the conventional pretreatment system in the seawater reverse osmosis plant at Kalpakkam","authors":"V. Murugan, R. Nagaraj, A. Y. Dangore, S. Prabhakar, P. K. Tewari","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018927","url":null,"abstract":"A 1800 m³/day Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) plant was commissioned in October 2002 at Kalpakkam, India, as part of the Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Project (NDDP). The conventional pretreatment scheme was adopted consisting of a lamella clarifier, pressurised sand filter, activated carbon filter and cartridge filter. The dosing of pretreatment chemicals, ferrous sulphate and polyelectrolytes was done at optimum levels to keep the Silt Density Index (SDI) value between 3 and 4. Experimental trials indicated that the dosing of chemicals may not be necessary below a particular turbidity level. Similarly, the dosing of proprietary antiscalant chemicals instead of sodium hexametaphosphate to control the sulphate scaling did not affect the process performance. Rather it helped the operation, as the antiscalant is in liquid form and the addition of hydrochloric acid could be eliminated. The overall cost per unit water production was also reduced.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132001725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Review and evaluation of desalination cost and costing methodologies 审查和评估海水淡化成本和成本计算方法
International Journal of Nuclear Desalination Pub Date : 2008-06-26 DOI: 10.1504/IJND.2008.018931
K. Reddy
{"title":"Review and evaluation of desalination cost and costing methodologies","authors":"K. Reddy","doi":"10.1504/IJND.2008.018931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2008.018931","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, desalination is becoming a viable alternative for supplying potable water due to new developments in desalination technologies. At present, the cost of desalinated water is about US$0.5/m³ by RO and US$ 1.0/m³ by thermal processes. But these costs are location dependent. Thus the selection of an appropriate desalination technology for any location needs a reliable and accurate costing methodology. Better costing methodologies are also required for optimal process design and economical operation of desalination plants. There are so many costing methodologies reported in the literature with varying accuracy and details. Most of the publicly available costing methodologies are either black-box type with less details of costing methodology, or use thumb rules that do not sufficiently account local conditions. Therefore, there is a need to develop a more reliable and accurate costing methodology for public use. In this paper, desalinated water costs and costing methodologies with respect to accuracy and reliability are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":218810,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Desalination","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121833372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
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