Soil Research最新文献

{"title":"Fertilisation with P, N and S requires additional Zn for healthy plantation tree growth on low fertility savanna soils","authors":"Stan J. Rance, David M. Cameron, Emlyn R. Williams, Carl R. Gosper","doi":"10.1071/sr23128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23128","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>Soil nutrient limitations characterise savanna soils globally and are one of several constraints to establishing productive tree plantations and enhancing economic opportunities in tropical regions. Fertilisation offers an approach to overcome soil nutrient limitations to maximise tree growth and health, but requires research on nutrient contents, composition, rates and methods of delivery in the context of soil characteristics.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>To determine the optimal contents, rates and methods of application of fertiliser to maximise the growth and health of the plantation timber species <i>Pinus caribaea</i> on low fertility savanna soils.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>Factorial field experiments tested growth responses to applications of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) on three soils near Darwin, Australia. Further experiments tested effects of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and potassium (K) application and small-scale variation in soil characteristics on tree performance.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>Positive growth responses to P, N and S were recorded, yet unhealthy trees developed, particularly in better-performing treatments. Second phase experiments addressing potential causes of ill health confirmed Zn limitations. Intense spatial soil sampling demonstrated substantial variation in cation exchange capacity and composition over short distances.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>Nutrient additions to enhance plantation tree growth will need to encompass minor and trace elements in addition to N, P and S, specifically Zn, and consider the mechanism of application.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Small-scale variability in cation exchange capacity and composition indicates that optimal fertilisation rates will vary spatially, and that soil sampling for site characterisation would be more accurate with replicated dispersed samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139415428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching losses under cropping and zone-specific variable-rate irrigation","authors":"John J. Drewry, Carolyn B. Hedley, Stephen J. McNeill, Ahmed G. El-Naggar, Kishor K. Karakkattu, David J. Horne","doi":"10.1071/sr23136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23136","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>Agricultural land use is intensifying globally. Irrigation and other farm practices associated with intensification, such as cultivation, grazing, and fertiliser application, can increase nutrient losses. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) systems manage irrigation to spatially variable soils and different crops (zones). We lack knowledge on nutrient losses under zone-specific irrigation for mixed-cropping systems (combined crop and livestock grazing).</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>This study evaluated drainage, nitrogen, and phosphorus leaching losses under zone-specific irrigation for a temperate mixed-cropping system.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>The study site had sheep grazing and crops including peas, beans, wheat, turnips, plantain, and ryegrass-white clover pasture. It had a variable-rate centre-pivot irrigator for two soil zones (free draining Zone 1; poorly drained Zone 2). Drainage flux meters (DFMs) collected drainage leachate, and samples for measurement of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Soil water balance data and statistical modelling evaluated nutrient leaching losses over 5 years.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>The mean leaching load of NO_x-N (nitrate + nitrite) across 5 years was 133 (s.d. 77) and 121 (s.d. 97) kg N/ha/year for Zone 1 and Zone 2, respectively. Similarly, the mean leaching load of reactive P across all years was 0.17 (s.d. 0.30) and 0.14 (s.d. 0.14) kg P/ha/year for Zone 1 and Zone 2, respectively. The nitrogen concentrations and loads generally had greater uncertainty in Zone 2.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>The DFMs worked well for the free draining sandy soil. However, fewer samples were collected in the silt soil, requiring the statistical modelling developed in this study. This study gave a reasonable estimate of annual leaching load means, but the indicators of their within-year variation were not reliable, partly due to differences in sampling frequency. With some exceptions, there was generally more NO_x-N leaching from the free draining Zone 1. VRI provided a system to control irrigation-related drainage and leaching in these soil zones.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Drainage flux meters are more reliable in well-drained than in poorly drained soil. Given the lack of published studies, this study has improved knowledge of nutrient losses under zone-specific irrigated mixed-cropping systems in a temperate climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138824051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt dynamics, leaching requirements, and leaching fractions during irrigation of a halophyte with different saline waters","authors":"Mansoor Al-Tamimi, Steve Green, Wasel Abou Dahr, Ahmed Al-Muaini, Dionysia Lyra, Khalil Ammar, Mohamed Dawoud, Paul Kenyon, Peter Kemp, Lesley Kennedy, Brent Clothier","doi":"10.1071/sr23173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23173","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>More than 830 million ha of soils are salt affected, representing around 9% of the world’s land surface. Groundwater high in salt already covers some 16% of the land area. Saline water can be used effectively for irrigation by salt leaching to despatch the accumulated salts, but this can pose a risk of salinisation of groundwater. It is important that the efficacy of salt leaching is confirmed, and the impacts of salt loading below the rootzone can be assessed.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>We examine the efficiency and impact of salt leaching to remove salt from the rootzone.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>Our soil, a Typic Torripsamment, is the dominant soil across the Arabian Peninsula. We carried out detailed laboratory experiments of salt leaching dynamics via salt breakthrough curves, analytical modelling, and through the field monitoring of impacts.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>Analytical solutions well predicted the salt breakthrough curves from repacked soil columns in the laboratory and we were able to confirm that all of the soil’s water was actively involved in transport, and that salt behaved as an inert tracer. The breakthrough curves were well predicted using a small solute dispersivity, so piston displacement was found to be a good assumption. Salt was easily flushed from the columns. To back this up in the field, soil sampling was carried out down to 1 m across 36 profiles after the harvest of a halophytic crop irrigated with saline water. Salt storage was only 1.8 kg m⁻², even though 80 kg m⁻² had been applied. This is a positive result for managing irrigation.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>Salt leaching can maintain equable salinity in the rootzone. However, this leaching carried salt back to groundwater at 2–3 times the concentration of the applied water. We confirmed that the amount of salt leaching back to groundwater can be significant.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>This salt dilemma will require careful management to achieve crop yields and protect the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138743318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritising interventions for the reduction of erosion in classical gullies: a modelling study","authors":"Matthew J. Prentice, Mark W. Waud, Samille C. Loch-Wilkinson, David P. Hamilton, Melanie E. Roberts","doi":"10.1071/sr23014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23014","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>Gully erosion is a significant socioeconomic and environmental issue that affects agricultural productivity, infrastructure, and water quality of receiving waters. Despite a variety of interventions to prevent gully formation and rehabilitate existing gullies, cost-effective interventions are specific to individual gullies.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a suite of gully management interventions across three different classical gullies.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>A one-dimensional process-based model, MERGE (modelling erosion resistance for gully erosion), was used to quantify the sediment yield exiting the gullies, in response to various management interventions.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>The net decrease in sediment yield was 2.5–57.4% for each of four interventions applied in isolation and 51.2–78.7% in combination. Reductions in sediment yield for each intervention varied markedly among sites, by a factor of 2.6–78.3 in absolute terms. This resulted in a unique ranking of the interventions by their effectiveness for a given site. Overall, interventions applied in combination were most effective, outperforming those applied in isolation by a factor of 1.24–1.37, but the effect of applying interventions in combination was not additive.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>This study demonstrates the ability of the gully erosion model MERGE to be a useful tool to identify and tailor effective intervention strategies for individual gullies, and be a useful guide for decision making for erosion management.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Analysis of expected benefits of gully remediation using tools such as MERGE is important for assessing options at gully sites due to their widely varying response.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138743270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term effects of olive mill waste waters spreading on the soil rhizospheric properties of olive trees grown under Mediterranean arid climate","authors":"Siwar Abdennbi, Mohamed Chaieb, Ali Mekki","doi":"10.1071/sr23102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23102","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>The spreading of olive mill waste waters (OMWW) could offer an appropriate management option to add value to this agricultural by-product, such as to increase soil fertility and plant productivity.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of OMWW (at a fixed dose of 50 m³ ha⁻¹), in the long term (20 years) on the soil rhizospheric properties and on old olive trees (80 years old) growth and productivity.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>The experimental site consists of four plots treated with OMWW (T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄) and four ‘control’ plots (C₁, C₂, C₃ and C₄), without any treatment. The treated plots have received each a fixed dose of 50 m³ ha⁻¹ of OMWW in February of each year since 2004.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>The results obtained showed that the addition of OMWW increased the soil water retention capacity (SWRC) and its organic matter content (OMC), as well as the augment of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels. The activity of the soil rhizospheric microflora was significantly enhanced.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>OMWW application to the soil surface in an olive orchard at 50 m³ ha⁻¹, since 2004, had no negative effects on the tree’s vegetative growth and satisfied plant P, K and N requirement.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Our study showed that OMWW can enhance the soil properties and enrich the soil with necessary minerals.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of soil erosion modelling involving water with field applications","authors":"C. W. Rose, A. Haddadchi","doi":"10.1071/sr23080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23080","url":null,"abstract":"The literature associated with the topic of soil erosion processes is so vast that coverage must be restricted in some way. The major restriction adopted includes a focus on physically-based soil erosion modelling and its application in field studies including gully formation and sediment control methods. The choice of topics has also been biased towards those in which the authors have had some involvement, ensuring some emphasis on erosion studies in Australia and Southeast Asia.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"12358 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of conventional, biodegradable and oxo-degradable microplastics in a soil using a δ13C technique","authors":"Yuxin Huo, Feike A. Dijkstra, Malcolm Possell, Andrew Zi Dong, Balwant Singh","doi":"10.1071/sr23140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23140","url":null,"abstract":"Context A significant amount of conventional plastics waste, especially in the form of microplastics (MPs), has accumulated in soils due to its limited degradation. Oxo-degradable and biodegradable plastics have also contributed to MP contamination in soils. Aims In this study, we examined the degradation of a conventional plastic [fruit and vegetable (F&amp;V) bag], two biodegradable plastics (bin liner and mulch film) and an oxo-degradable plastic (drinking straw). Methods These plastics (5 mm) were mixed into a soil and incubated in the laboratory at 37 ± 1°C for 185 days. The CO2-carbon (C) mineralisation of the four plastics was determined using a δ13C technique, because the difference in the δ13C values of studied plastics and the experimental soil was ≥10‰. Key results Bin liner showed the greatest C mineralisation (5.7%), followed by mulch film (4.1%), straw (0.4%) and F&amp;V bag (0.3%) at the end of the incubation period. All plastics, except the mulch film for 23–77 days of incubation, caused a positive priming effect on soil organic carbon (SOC). Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses were consistent with the C mineralisation data. Conclusions This study determines the degradation of various MPs in soil using a reliable and practical δ13C method, which has been lacking in this field of study. The priming effect of various MPs on SOC is a significant finding. Implications The lack of consideration of priming effect on SOC may overestimate the mineralisation of plastics in soil.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136235521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pesticide extraction from soil into runoff under a rainfall simulator","authors":"D. Mark Silburn","doi":"10.1071/sr22115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr22115","url":null,"abstract":"Context Runoff estimation is an important aspect of pesticide environmental behaviour and is the major loss pathway to the environment. Aims To improve understanding of pesticide runoff. Methods Data from three rainfall simulator studies was used. Twelve pesticides were studied ranged from tightly sorbed (DDE, soil sorption coefficient (KD) ~15 000 L kg−1) to weakly sorbed (dimethoate, KD < 30). Key results Event runoff pesticide concentrations were closely related to soil concentrations (0–25 mm depth). The ratio of runoff to soil concentration (the runoff extraction ratio, ERO), was similar for pesticides with a wide range of sorption and across the three soils: runoff concentration (μg L−1) = 28 × soil concentration (mg kg−1). ERO decreased with time after spraying, presumably due to lower concentrations in the top few mm of soil. Conclusions This model provides improved or similar estimates of pesticide runoff than previous models. Similar ERO values between sites was probably due to similar hydrology (high rainfall intensity, surface sealing, moist subsoils) and erosion, and because the same masses of soil and water are involved in mixing. Reduction in runoff concentrations by leaching was not influential, because infiltration was small and soil sorption too high. Implications Conditions studied apply during summer storms on most cotton and grain land on clay soils in the northern grain and cotton lands in eastern Australia. The model should be applicable under these conditions.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136092255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect in soil and rhizosphere microbiota of Brachiaria inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense: a pilot trial in two Oxisol types","authors":"Eliane Cristina Gruszka Vendruscolo, Dany Mesa, Robson Fernando Missio","doi":"10.1071/sr22201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr22201","url":null,"abstract":"Context The Brachiaria genus includes several species of pastures distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), such as Azospirillum brasilense, have been used as inoculants to increase crop production. Aims This study explored the effect of A. brasilense on Brachiaria seedlings, rhizosphere, and soil. Methods We inoculated A. brasilense on Brachiaria seeds sown in two types of soil mainly varying in texture (medium texture-Mt and clayey-C soils). We then collected the rhizosphere to evaluate the microbiota adhered to the plants by high-throughput 16S sequencing using bioinformatic tools. Shoot and root biomass were also evaluated. Key results Inoculation increased the aerial biomass of Brachiaria plants. However, it did not increase root biomass. Soil texture is a critical element in shaping rhizosphere communities. A. brasilense decreased the abundance of Firmicutes, mainly in C Oxisols. Network analysis showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the main phyla in the vicinity of Brachiaria roots. Furthermore, the abundance of specific phyla, such as Armatimonadetes, Tenericutes, and Fusobacteria (Mt) and Latescibacteria, Rokubacteria, and WS2 (C) increased in the bulk fraction. In the rhizosphere, Chlamydiae was exclusively related to Mt Oxisols. By contrast, Verrumicrobia and Fusobacteria were only found in the C soils. Conclusions Relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria increased after inoculation in the rhizosphere of both types of Oxisols. Implications These results indicate that inoculation can affect Brachiaria plants and their rhizospheric bacterial communities. The effect of taxonomic groups altered through inoculation and the relationship between the functional capacities of each group within the microbiota are yet to be elucidated.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135554718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on acidification and changes in mineral element concentrations in ferralsols from long-term tea plantations in Guizhou Province, China","authors":"Shaoxia Lin, Xiaolan Liu, Qiuxiao Yan, Fuxiao Wei, Daoping Wang","doi":"10.1071/sr23086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23086","url":null,"abstract":"Aims This study aimed to investigate where acidification occurred in soil profiles of Guizhou tea gardens, and the influence of acidification on the availability of soil mineral elements in order to inform soil nutrient management and improvement practices in tea gardens.Methods The acidification characteristics were investigated in soils from plantations grown for various numbers of years and across different soil layer profiles. Moreover, the pH buffering capacities (pHBC) of soils were evaluated and changes of mineral elements’ contents due to soil acidification were explored.Key results With increased tea plantation age, the acidification rate of 0–20-cm soil layers reached 0.025pH unit/year. Soil acidification extended from the surface layer downwards through profiles, while the pH of entire soil layers were <4.5 after 40years of tea plantation. The pHBC of soils were <30mmol/kg, remaining at a weak sensitive level. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, and B concentrations exhibited decreasing trends in soils, while As, Pb, Cr, and Cd exhibited enrichment at the surface. Tea plantation age and soil depth were significantly correlated with the available concentrations of soil mineral elements.Conclusions Soil acidification gradually increased downward from the surface and soil minerals were lost in acidic environments, while the acid buffering capacity was reduced.Implications These results suggest that organic fertilisers and trace elements should be supplemented as needed in the management of tea gardens to achieve long-term stability of quality and yields.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136303917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}