Soil Research最新文献

{"title":"Variation in wheat yield and soil properties at different landscape positions, nutrient sources, and rates in the tropical cereal-based cropping systems of Ethiopia","authors":"Getachew Agegnehu, Beza Shewangizaw Woldearegay, Gizaw Desta, Tilahun Amede, Kindu Mekonnen, Gizachew Legesse, Tadesse Gashaw, Andre Van Rooyen, Tulu Degefu, Peter Thorne","doi":"10.1071/sr24036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr24036","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>There is limited information on how catena features can be used to refine fertiliser recommendations in the undulating landscapes of the east African highlands.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>(1) Determine the effects of landscape positions and soil types on crop-nutrient responses, and rainwater productivity (RWP); and (2) identify wheat yield-limiting nutrients across landscape positions.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>Two sets of on-farm nutrient management experiments with wheat were conducted on foot slope, mid-slope, and hillslope positions over 71 sites in 2016 and 2019. The first experiment were on Vertisols, Nitisols, Regosols, and Cambisols with different levels of N/P₂O₅, K₂O, and SO₄. The second experiment were on Vertisols, Nitisols, and Cambisols with different levels of N/P₂O₅ and Zn.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>NP increased yield across landscape positions. NP × K and NP × S interactions increased total biomass by 5–76%. Zinc × soil type interaction increased total biomass on Vertisols (6%) and Cambisols (9%), but increasing Zn did not improve yield on Nitisols. Zinc × landscape position interaction increased total biomass at foot slope (2%) and mid-slope (13%) positions. Zinc × NP interaction increased biomass yield on Cambisols, Nitisols, and Vertisols. N₁₃₈P₆₉ significantly increased RWP at foot slope, mid-slope, and hillslope positions. Soil nutrient and water contents decreased with increasing slope regardless of nutrient source and application rate.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>Landscape position may be an indicator for targeting site-specific fertiliser recommendations. Farms on hillslopes could be better ameliorated by applying organic amendments with sustainable land management practices.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Taking into account landscape position can help better manage fertiliser use on undulating land in the east African highlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141742896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic matter, carbon, and nitrogen relationships of regreened forest soils in an industrially impacted landscape","authors":"Patrick A. Levasseur, Julian Aherne, Nathan Basiliko, Shaun A. Watmough","doi":"10.1071/sr24063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr24063","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>Soil organic matter (SOM) is largely composed of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), the proportions of which often change with soil depth. The relationships between SOM, C, and N in forest soils can be greatly altered in degraded landscapes and understanding these relationships is integral for successful forest restoration planning.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>The current study investigated SOM, C, and N relationships in highly degraded forest soils by depth following regreening (one-time application of soil amendments and afforestation). Additionally, the use of standard C:OM ratios (which are commonly used to estimate soil C) were assessed.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>The SOM, C, and N were measured at five different depths, at nine sites, ranging in time since regreening treatment applications across one of the world’s largest regreening programmes in the City of Greater Sudbury, Canada.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>The C:OM and C:N ratios decreased with soil depth while N:OM increased. The C and N were significantly correlated with SOM at all depths (excluding the L horizon). The C:OM ratio was lower than standard values and did not change between 16 and 41 years since the application of 10 Mg ha⁻¹ of dolomitic limestone.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>Despite massive soil degradation, SOM, C, and N relationships over soil depth at the regreening sites are consistent with unimpacted forest soils. Applying commonly used C:OM ratios drastically overestimated soil C pools, especially at lower depths.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Even in the most degraded landscapes, restoration can improve soil properties. Standard C:OM ratios should be used with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variability of soil carbon across a hillslope restoration planting in New Zealand","authors":"Molly Katharine D’Ath, Katarzyna Sila-Nowicka, Luitgard Schwendenmann","doi":"10.1071/sr24012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr24012","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>Forest restoration has been adopted by governments and local communities across the globe to restore ecological functions and as a measure to mitigate climate change.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>This study investigated the spatial variation in landscape, vegetation, soil characteristics, and soil carbon storage under young restoration plantings across a hillslope in northern New Zealand.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>Soil samples (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) were taken from 121 locations across 5–20-year-old restoration plantings, remnant and regenerating bush and pasture. Samples were analysed for bulk density, pH, and soil carbon concentration and soil carbon stocks were calculated. Ordinary kriging and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) were used to predict and explain soil carbon stocks across the landscape.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>Soil carbon stocks (0–10 cm depth) across the study area ranged from 1.9 to 7.1 kg m⁻². Spatial analysis revealed that elevation, slope, stem density, bulk density, and pH had a significant effect on the magnitude and distribution of soil carbon stocks.</p><strong> Conclusions and implications</strong><p>This study has shown that topography had a strong effect on soil carbon stocks across the young restoration plantings. The outcome of this study highlights the importance of taking landscape and soil characteristics into account when planning a forest restoration project.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of green manure crop species on rhizosphere soil phosphorus","authors":"P. V. Nguyen, R. W. McDowell, L. M. Condron","doi":"10.1071/sr22257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr22257","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>Green manure crops have the potential to improve phosphorus (P) use efficiency in agroecosystems by enhancing the mobilisation of soil P reserves.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>This study investigated and quantified the short-term mobilisation and uptake of soil P in the rhizosphere of several green manure crops.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>Five plant species/varieties (<i>Lupinus angustifolius</i> (lupin – early and late flowering varieties), <i>Pisum sativum</i> (pea), <i>Cicer Arietinum</i> (chickpea), and <i>Fagopyrum escolentum</i> (buckwheat)) were grown in two contrasting soils, pumice (1100 mg total P kg⁻¹, anion storage capacity 39%) and volcanic ash (2800 mg total P kg⁻¹, anion storage capacity 95%) in rhizosphere study containers. After 40 days, rhizosphere (0–5 mm) and bulk (&gt;5 mm) soils were sampled and subjected to P fractionation. Organic anions were collected from the rhizoplane using an anion exchange membrane.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>Dry matter yield, P uptake, and rhizoplane organic anion exudation were affected by plant species, soil type, and their interaction. Rhizosphere P changes of labile inorganic organic P and stable inorganic P were influenced by plant species and soil type, while moderately labile inorganic P was affected by only plant species. Interaction between plant species and soil type had no effect on rhizosphere P depletion or accumulation. The quantities and composition of organic anions determined in rhizoplane exudates were highly variable (0.01–0.1 μmol cm⁻² h⁻¹). However, significant correlations were observed between the depletion of moderately labile and stable soil inorganic P and concentrations of malate in exudates.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>The findings of this study clearly demonstrated the capacity of green manure crops (especially blue lupin) to rapidly mobilise and deplete different forms of soil P across the soil types.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic carbon and short-range order minerals responsible for cementation of the spodic horizon (ortstein): a new proposal of chemical extractions in undisturbed samples","authors":"Mateus Roveda Pilar, Vander Freitas Melo, Luis Fernando Roveda, Marcelo Ricardo Lima, Jairo Calderari de Oliveira Junior","doi":"10.1071/sr24034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr24034","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>The cementation of spodic horizons (ortstein) has long been studied through chemical analysis in disturbed soil samples of &lt;2 mm (soil structure destructuring).</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>Use of the undisturbed samples and selective chemical extractions to study the soil organic matter (SOM) and short-range order phase (SROP) cementing the spodic horizon.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>The study was carried out in a Spodosol (ortstein) from southern Brazil in undisturbed cubes (1.5 cm × 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm). The undisturbed cubes were separated in two visual colour standards (yellow colour (YC – 10YR 6/8) and yellow dark colour (YDC – 10YR 4/3)) and were submitted to four SROP chemical extractions (pyrophosphate (PYR), ammonium oxalate (AO), NaOH 0.5 mol L⁻¹, and water).</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>The choice of selective SROP extraction in two colour standards of undisturbed samples enabled the identification of cementation details of the ortstein : (1) SOM illuviation also increases Fe, Al, Mn, Si, Ca, and Mg contents; (2) the SRO-Fe and Al oxides cover the SOM and/or there is a larger proportion of mineral in relation to OC in the organo/mineral association; (3) SRO-Al oxides were the main compounds responsible for cementation; and (4) the illuvial SOM associated with SRO-Fe oxides did not contribute to ortstein physical stability.</p><strong> Conclusions and implications</strong><p>The best extractions to study the samples were AO for YC colour and NaOH for YDC colour. We recommend the use of undisturbed samples and the inclusion of NaOH 0.5 mol L⁻¹ in the chemical protocol for analysis to better understand which organic and mineral phases clog the ortstein pores in different pedogenetic conditions around the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and biological attributes of soil and soybean (Glycine max) yield in integrated systems in the Cerrado of north-east Brazil","authors":"Alcilane Arnaldo Silva, Julian Junio de Jesus Lacerda, Suzane Pereira Carvalho, Rubens de Sá Ferreira, Ramilos Rodrigues de Brito, Renato Falconeres Vogado, Raimundo Bezerra de Araújo Neto, Edvaldo Sagrilo, Michel André Cavigelli, Henrique Antunes de Souza","doi":"10.1071/sr23120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23120","url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>Cultivation of forage grasses intercropped with maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) improves soil quality and yield of subsequent crops. However, for the Cerrado of north-east Brazil, little is known about the effects of this practice on soil chemical and biological attributes and on succeeding soybean crop’s yield and nutrition.</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>This study aimed to evaluate the influence of intercropping maize with forage grasses on soil chemical and biological properties and on the nutritional status and yield of succeeding soybean in the Cerrado of Piauí, Brazil.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>In the 2016/2017 cropping season, maize (M) was grown in monoculture and intercropped with <i>Megathyrsus maximus</i> cvs Zuri, Massai, Tanzania, and Tamani; <i>Urochloa brizantha</i> cv. Marandu, and <i>Urochloa ruziziensis</i> cv. Ruziziensis. In the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 cropping seasons, soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) was grown on the same plots.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>In the 2017/2018 cropping season, highest soil K concentrations in the 0–0.1 m depth were observed following M + Zuri and M + Massai. In the 2018/2019 cropping season, soybean grown after monoculture maize, M + Zuri, M + Tanzania and M + Ruziziensis promoted the highest soil basal respiration. Intercropping maize with forage grasses of the genus <i>Urochloa</i> increased the soil humic substances and carbon concentrations. The M + Tanzania treatment increased soybean leaf P and K concentrations in the 2017/2018 cropping season.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>Intercropping maize with forage grasses improved soil fertility and increased cumulative soybean grain yield by 15%.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Maize intercropped with forage grasses, especially of the genus <i>Urochloa</i>, increases humic fractions and total soil organic carbon, and is thus a feasible agricultural management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional annotation of paclobutrazol-treated mango rhizospheric soil reveals the recruitment of plant growth-promoting and xenobiotic compound-degrading bacterial species","authors":"V. K. Singh, S. Soni, Pradeep K. Shukla, Anju Bajpai","doi":"10.1071/sr23257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23257","url":null,"abstract":"Context The soil microbiome governs plant and soil health through nutrient cycling, soil restructuring, degradation of xenobiotics, and growth regulation. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator and is generally used for flowering induction, especially in alternate bearers like mango. However, the negative effects of PBZ on soil microorganisms and other living organisms are also linked to its excessive use and long-term persistence in soil. Aims We hypothesise that PBZ changes the soil microbial community and linked functions and consequently can alter agricultural productivity. Methods High-throughput sequencing was used to determine the shifting of functional diversity of bacteria in control and PBZ-treated soils of mango orchards. Key results The functional annotation of soil bacteria by COGNIZER tools revealed a higher abundance of genes, related proteins, enzymes, and metabolic pathways that are involved in either the degradation or efflux of xenobiotic compounds and nutrient recycling. Conclusions This research demonstrates how the application of PBZ modifies the rhizosphere’s functional diversity by recruiting microorganisms that aid in growth-regulating processes and, in turn, regulate arboreal phenology. Additionally, the microbial bioremediation of PBZ in mango orchards was established by this investigation. Implications The impact of soil microbial function in mango orchards may lay a scientific foundation for PBZ application and assessment of the PBZ influence on agricultural soil ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic amendments improved soil properties and native plants’ performance in an Australian degraded land","authors":"Jonas Larsen, Mehran Rezaei Rashti, M. Esfandbod, Chengrong Chen","doi":"10.1071/sr22252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr22252","url":null,"abstract":"Context Land degradation poses a substantial threat to both the sustainable environment and human health. Efforts towards rehabilitation and remediation often require addition of soil amendments and careful selection of plant species. Aims We assessed the effect of recycled organic amendments on improvement of soil physicochemical properties and performance of native plant species in an Australian degraded soil. Methods A glasshouse pot experiment investigated the effects of compost (CO), biochar (BC), and compost-biochar (COBC) mixture on performance of three native Australian plant species (Eucalyptus tereticornis (EU), Acacia leiocalyx (AC), and Banksia integrifolia (BA)) in a degraded soil. Key results Application of CO, BC, and COBC organic amendments increased soil dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon contents compared to the control treatment. COBC amendment increased nutrient retention and reduced CO2 emissions compared to CO amendment. BC amendment also resulted in low CO2 emissions similar to the control treatment, where no significant differences were observed. AC outperformed the EU and BA species in biomass production due to its leguminous nature, with amendment application had an insignificant effect on AC performance. Within the EU treatments, the COBC:EU demonstrated the highest biomass production, followed by CO:EU, BC:EU, and CK:EU, respectively. Conclusion All amendments exhibited overall improvements in soil and plant parameters, with more significant outcomes observed with COBC application. However, the observed improvements from biochar application were minimal in this short-term experiment, which may not have allowed for the manifestation of long-term benefits. Implications Further research is warranted to investigate the effects of compost and biochar amendments on diverse soil types and native plant species.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141103469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alpine meadow degradation decreases soil P availability by altering phoD-harbouring bacterial diversity","authors":"Yanuo Zou, Xiangtao Wang, Jie Wang, Lu Zhang, Lirong Liao, Guobin Liu, Zilin Song, Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1071/sr23133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23133","url":null,"abstract":"Context Soil degradation is usually accompanied by significant changes in phosphorus (P) availability, which complicates soil management. However, the effect of ecosystem degradation on soil P availability remains poorly understood, especially in the alpine ecosystem, which is one of the most understudied and vulnerable terrestrial habitats of the planet. Aims Assess the effect of meadow degradation on soil P availability in the alpine ecosystem. Methods Changes in soil P-related properties, phoD-harbouring bacterial communities, and alkaline phosphatase levels were investigated in four alpine meadows along a degradation gradient (non-degraded, lightly degraded, moderately degraded, and severely degraded) on the Tibetan Plateau. Key results We found meadow degradation reduced alkaline phosphatase activity by 6.3–11.22% and soil P availability by 27.1–42.4% compared to the respective values in the non-degraded meadows, but this negative impact was only observed in moderately and severely degraded meadows. Meadow degradation caused a P limitation on the phoD-harbouring community and a decline in the abundance of phoD genes and diversity of phoD-harbouring bacterial communities, with an increase in oligotrophic groups (e.g. Actinobacteria) and a reduction in copiotrophic groups (e.g. Proteobacteria). The degradation-induced reduction in soil C supply and plant biomass decreased soil P availability by lowering the activity of alkaline phosphatases, which are closely associated with phoD-harbouring bacterial structure and diversity. Alloactinosynnema and Actinomadura were identified as the key taxa contributing to alkaline phosphatases activity. Conclusions Alpine meadow degradation decreases soil P availability by altering phoD-harbouring bacterial diversity. Implications Our results revealed the mechanisms of decreased P availability during alpine meadow degradation, which can guide the restoration of degraded meadow ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141118664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the depth and rate of soil movement down the soil profile using an environmental tracer: a hillslope scale assessment","authors":"G. R. Hancock, A. Gibson, I. P. Senanayake, Tristan Cox","doi":"10.1071/sr23253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23253","url":null,"abstract":"Context Soil materials can be delivered to depth from both in situ and ex situ materials. Here, we examine a hillslope in an agricultural environment that has been used for cropping and cattle grazing for over 150 years and a parallel area where cattle have been excluded for approximately 20 years. The exclusion area is a shelterbelt and also provides ecological services. Aims To quantify the depth and rate of down profile soil movement using the environmental tracer 137Cs at points along a hillslope profile. Methods 137Cs concentration is measured to bedrock at regular intervals both inside and outside a fenced of ecological services area pre-drought (2015) and post-drought (2021). In Australia. 137Cs is the by-product of nuclear weapons use and testing from1945 to 1972. Therefore, this places an age constraint on any labelled soil. Key results Results show that soil materials can move down the soil profile to reach bedrock at decadal time scales. An important finding is that materials from the surface can reach depths of up to 80 cm near the hillslope crest and up to 2.2 m at the base of the hillslope. Conclusions This demonstrates a relatively rapid translocation of surface material. Implications The method provides the ability to quantify the rapid movement of soil components and demonstrates the potential for deep sequestration of soil organic carbon. The results demonstrate the potential for soil amendments and agrochemicals to be rapidly transported to depth. The findings suggest that cattle exclusion has no impact on the movement of soil materials down the profile over the 20-year exclusion period.","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}