Soil & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Comparing the symbiotic efficiency of auxin and ACC-deaminase producing rhizobia and rhizobacteria to improve soybean growth under axenic conditions","authors":"Muhammad Irfan, Zahir Ahmad Zahir, Hafiz Naeem Asghar, Muhammad Shahid","doi":"10.25252/se/2023/243164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2023/243164","url":null,"abstract":"Potential of auxin and ACC-deaminase producing rhizobia and PGPR-strains was examined to improve soybean growth individually and in combination with L-tryptophan (L-TRP) in two different experiments conducted in a growth chamber. A consortium of selected PGPR and rhizobial strains was prepared by following the compatibility test. These bacteria were also evaluated for improving soybean growth along with different levels of L-TRP. Bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere and nodules of soybean, and characterized in vitro for their production of ACC-deaminase and auxin. We observed that auxin production for rhizobia and rhizobacteria ranged from 14 to 39 and 2 to 48 µg IAA equivalents mL-1, respectively. Similarly, the ACC-deaminase production potential of rhizobia and rhizobacteria ranged between 0.024 to 3.252 and 0.178 to 3.188 μM α-ketobutyrate μg-1 protein h-1, respectively. In addition, among the different L-TRP levels, 10-3 M was found to be the most significant level. The soybean growth attributes such as shoot length (46 and 30%), root length (42 and 39%), fresh biomass (33 and 34%) and dry biomass (44 and 27%) were increase to the maximum by the inoculation of ‘IRS-13’ and ‘PS-2’ in the presence of 10-3 M L-TRP compared to the uninoculated control. Similarly, in the context of consortium application, the inoculation with bacterial consortium “IRS13-PS1” along with 10-4 M TRP led to maximum increment in shoot length (104%), root length (74%), shoot fresh and dry weights (179 and 138%), shoot and root dry weights (98 and 260%) and fresh weight as well as dry plant biomass (87.5 and 117%) compared to the control. We concluded that PGPR-rhizobial consortium in combination with L-TRP @ 10-4 M can effectively improve soybean growth under axenic conditions.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136100357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of fish scale derivatives in ameliorating the phytotoxicity effects of multi-metal contaminated soil on paddy rice","authors":"Sahar Maleki-Roudposhti, Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei, Abdolmajid Ronaghi, Majid Baghernejad","doi":"10.25252/se/2023/242924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2023/242924","url":null,"abstract":"Immobilization is an efficient method in the remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of fish scale powder, chitin, and chitosan on the growth and chemical composition of rice grown on a soil contaminated with Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni. Results showed that the application of fish scale powder, chitin, and chitosan significantly increased root and shoot dry matter yield of rice, but decreased Pb phytoextraction efficiency. Further, the translocation factor of Ni decreased following the application of fish scale powder and chitosan. Application of fish scale powder decreased Ni, Cd, Zn, and Pb bioavailability in soil. The addition of chitosan caused 56% decrease in shoots Ni concentration as compared to control. Among different amendments, only the application of chitosan had a significant effect on the reduction of Zn content in rice root by 70% as compared to control. Considering that the translocation factors were less than one in all treatments, it can be concluded that biostabilization of the studied metals has occurred. Based on the obtained results, fish scale derivatives including fish scale powder and chitosan play an important role in the removal of heavy metals due to having suitable functional groups. Therefore, it can be deduced that due to the economic feasibility, environmentally friendly, and high metal removal capability of chitosan and fish scale powder, these two amendments are highly recommendable to be applied in multi-metal polluted soils for increasing metals removal and hence decreasing their phytotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136350160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of super absorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil","authors":"Madiha H. Zekry, I. Nassar, Heba Salim, A. Abdallah","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/132058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/132058","url":null,"abstract":"The management of disposable diapers is a major problem. Moreover, light-textured soils are characterized by low water holding capacity and excessive drainage, thus significant portion of irrigation water is lost below the root zone. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the potential of recycling disposable baby diapers to conserve soil moisture in light-textures soils. The water absorbency [water absorption capacity (WAC) and water absorption rate (WAR)] of the recovered Super absorbent polymers (SAPs), from diapers, was evaluated and described under different ionic solute strengths (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m) at different time periods. Additionally, several swelling measurements of the SAPs were determined when added to sandy clay loam soil using different levels [0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.6% (w/w)] for five rewetting cycles (over a period of 6 months). As the swelling time increased, the WAC increased, while WAR decreased. However, both WAC and WAR were reduced as the solution salinity increased. The recovered SAPs exhibited WAC of 311.0 and 111.0 g g in solution of 0.0 and 3.0 dS m, respectively. Polynomials functions were used to calculate the equilibrium time and threshold solute concentration for the SAPs. The average equilibrium time was 4.5 minutes and the threshold solute concentration was 2.78 dS m. At SAPs concentration of 1.6%, the water retained by the soil increased by 2.6 folds. The specific amount of water retained (SWR) by SAPs in the SAPs-soil mixture was decreased with repeating wetting, thus, after 6 months, the average WHC of the soil was decreased by 14% compared to initial wetting. The recycling of baby diapers might have a great potential to conserve soil moisture in light soils using water of good quality. However, since the SAPs in diapers are Na based, further research is needed to explorer the impact of such treatment on soil chemical properties.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47583887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival efficacy and potential of Mesorhizobium Ciceri for enhancing the growth and yield of imidacloprid-treated chickpea (Cicer arietinum)","authors":"S. Nadeem, M. Khan, M. Ahmad, M. Mushtaq, K. Qureshi, M. Naveed","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/91830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/91830","url":null,"abstract":"Chickpea relies on inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria to fulfill its N requirement. The efficacy of the inoculation process hangs on the success of association between N2-fixing bacteria and Chickpea plants. Seed treatment with insecticides may kill the inoculated bacteria and result in poor establishment and upshot of the symbiosis. Survival efficacy of four rhizobial (Mesorhizobium ciceri) strains (CRI14, CRI20, CRI34 and CRI35) selected on the basis of preliminary study, was evaluated at increasing concentration of imidacloprid (0-200 μg L). Amongst four inoculated strains, the strain CRI20 and CRI35 showed better survival in the presence of Imidacloprid when compared to rest of two. Strain CRI35was able to tolerate insecticide above the recommended dose whereas the strain CRI20 showed relatively less growth at high concentration. So, for as the efficacy of these strains was concerned pertaining to improvement in growth of imidacloprid treated chickpea it was tested in a pot trial. Chickpea seeds were treated with recommended dose of imidacloprid and then inoculated with respective rhizobial strains as per experimental plan. Un-inoculated treated and untreated seeds were also used for comparison. The pots were arranged according to completely randomized design in two sets having three replications each. At flowering, plants from one set were uprooted and data regarding nodulation was recorded, whereas, the data regarding growth and yield parameters was calculated from other set at maturity. The results showed that inoculation not only improved nodulation but also caused a significant increase in growth and yield. Rhizobial strain CRI35 performed better than the other which might be due to its better growth promoting traits in addition to its ability to tolerate insecticide. Therefore, it is suggested to use only those rhizoidal strains that could tolerate agrochemicals and survive well in the rhizosphere and would consequently nodulate legume plants more efficiently.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42011845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoextraction potential of different grasses for the uptake of cadmium and lead from industrial wastewater","authors":"S. Ullah, Soil, Z. Iqbal, S. Mahmood, K. Akhtar, R. Ali","doi":"10.25252/se/20/91796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/20/91796","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial wastewater contains a variety of contaminants like salts, organic carbon, and heavy metals. Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are considered highly toxic even at low concentration. These metals could enter the food chain through a process of phytoassimilation, hence, lethal for living beings. The present study aimed to investigate Cd and Pb phytoextraction in four grass species viz. Dhab (Desmostachya bipinnata), Sporobolus (Sporobolus arabicus), Kallar (Leptochloa fusca) and Para grass (Brachiaria mutica) from industrial wastewater. The grasses were grown hydroponically in plastic pots in industrial wastewater as growth medium under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Results showed that B. mutica had maximum shoot metal content (Pb = 21, Cd = 0.66 mg kg -1 dry matter), shoot metal uptake (Pb = 201.8, Cd = 6.39 µg plant -1 ), translocation factor (Pb = 0.73, Cd = 0.55), and root and shoot dry matter production. Root Pb concentration was highest in B. mutica followed by D. bipinnata and L. fusca. S. arabicus with depressed growth, minimum shoot metal accumulation and uptake potential. Thereby, B. mutica could be suitable option to remediate industrial wastewater contaminated with moderate levels of Pb and Cd.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46905361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed treatment for improving wheat productivity under deficit irrigation conditions in arid environment","authors":"AbdAllah M. El-Sanatawy, Abdel Tawab Zedan","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/132078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/132078","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and frequent drought events in arid regions present challenges for crop production and food security in many parts of the world. Objectives of the present research were to enhance wheat plant tolerance to water stress by applying regulated irrigation deficit scheme and treating seeds with drought-tolerant substances. A field experiment was carried out to study the impact of three irrigation levels (severe, moderate, and full irrigation) and three seed treatments [control , soaking in salicylic acid (SAA), and soaking in ascorbic acid (ASA)] on yield and its attributes and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat. Moderate water stress significantly decreased total photosynthetic pigments, grain number/spike, spike number/m 2 and grain yield, however, amounts of water saving by this deficit irrigation rate suggested a feasible option for wheat production in water limited environments without unacceptable yield reduction. Treating seeds with SAA or ASA significantly increased total photosynthetic pigments, relative water content, recovery efficiency, grain number/spike and grain yield compared with untreated seeds. The efficacy of deficit irrigation was increased by treating seeds with SAA which was demonstrated by the increased grain number/spike, grain yield/ha and WUE compared to untreated seeds. These results suggest beneficial effects of drought- tolerant substances on enhancing plants’ ability to mitigate the negat ive water stress impacts.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46186381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foliar application of boron improved the yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a calcareous field","authors":"M. Saleem, M. Tahir, T. Ahmad, M. Tahir","doi":"10.25252/se/20/132047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/20/132047","url":null,"abstract":"Boron (B) is vital for crops and helps in grain setting, but its deficiency is increasing due to its fixation in calcareous soils of Pakistan which results in premature opening of spikelets and failure of grain production in wheat thus leading to the reduced crop yield and economic return. To overcome this problem, a field trial was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, University of Agriculture Faisalabad for analyzing the effectiveness of different levels of B spray on wheat. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used for allocation of treatments. Treatments included were eight levels of B (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%) along with water spray and control (without any treatment). Boron solution of different concentrations was prepared by dissolving required quantity of boric acid in water. Foliar application of 1.5% B solution produced maximum spike length (12.66 cm), grains spike -1 (50), seed index/1000-grains weight (35g), biological yield (9.85 t ha -1 ), grain yield (4.72 t ha -1 ), harvest index (47.88 %), proteins (11.90 %), carbohydrates (66.96%) and benefit to cost ratio (1.31) when compared with all other levels. Overall, it is depicted that 1.5% B applied by foliar spray at booting stage triggered both yield and quality of wheat.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46259465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving yield and quality of maize by different drip-fertigation rates of N, P and K fertilizers","authors":"A. Mahboob, M. Shoaib, M. Manzoor, M. Arshad, Ijaz Mahboob, H. Habib, M. Akram","doi":"10.25252/se/20/132080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/20/132080","url":null,"abstract":"Lower fertilizer use efficiency coupled with conventional irrigation methods has been the issue of agricultural production system in Pakistan contributing to lower crop yields. In this backdrop, an experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of drip-fertigation using different rates of N, P and K fertilizers i.e., F 100 (100% of recommended), F 75 (75% of recommended), F 50 (50% of recommended) and F 25 (25% of recommended) on hybrid maize in autumn and spring growing season. Results suggested that number of final harvested plants ha -1 decreased by 4.9% in autumn and 5.85% in spring season as fertilizer rates decreased from F 100 to F 25 while decrease in ears ha -1 was 5.9% and 6.05%, respectively. Plant and ear height remained stable with decrease in fertilizer rate from F 100 to F 50 . On average with F 25 , crop reached maturity 2 days earlier in both autumn and spring seasons, respectively, against F 100 . Ear length and number of grains row -1 showed an increasing trend with increasing fertigation rate. Number of rows ear -1 showed significant response only in one growing instance out of four. In both seasons, crop produced or sustained highest fresh ear weight and grain yield (kg ha -1 ) at F 75 indicating that a further increment of 25% nutrients (F 100 ) would be an excessive rate. Protein and oil % were also higher at F 75 treatment in both seasons. Partial factor productivity (PFP) showed a negative relation with increasing fertigation rate however higher PFP values at lower fertilizer rates were economically ineffective. In conclusion, application of 75% of the recommended N, P and K fertilizers through drip fertigation optimized the grain yield and quality of maize in Punjab.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45149673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erodibility of Vertisols in relation to agricultural practices along a toposequence in the Logone floodplain","authors":"S. Basga, J. Temga, D. Tsozué, A. Gove, Bourou Sali, J. Nguetnkam","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/101855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/101855","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of the combining effect of agricultural practices and slope on soil erodibility is important to promote their suitable use and constitutes a key parameter for their sustainable conservation. The aim of this study was to characterize vertisols from the Logone floodplain and evaluate their erodibility in relation to the agricultural practices and slope in order to suggest the well managing strategies to be diffused. Vertisols were characterized by describing their profile type and their erodibility was assessed by sampling topsoils at 3 positions along a toposequence (upslope, midslope and footslope). Erodibility indexes were computed by exploiting physicochemical data. The studied vertisols were classified as gleyic Vertisols. They are clayey (19-42% of clay), slightly basic (pH~7.3) and display high organic matter (OM) content and cation exchange capacity. Smectites and kaolinite were the main clay minerals associated with quartz. The water dispersible clay, clay dispersion ratio and dispersion ratio diminished from the upslope to the footslope, while clay aggregation showed an opposite trend. Hence, vertisols from the upslope and midslope cropped were more erodible than those from the not cropped footslope. From the statistical analysis, it appeared that Na + , Ca ++ and K + contributed to vertisols erodibility while Mg ++ , OM and amorphous Fe promoted aggregate stability. Managing these vertisols will tend to limit N and K rich inputs (urea and NPK fertilizers); control liming strategies and encourage substantial OM inputs. No-tillage or minimum tillage oriented perpendicularly to the slope are the practices to be implemented.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41801388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling and variability of selected chemical properties of shallow water wells using GIS in Wasit and Dhi Qar provinces/Iraq","authors":"B. Al-humairi, N. Rahal, A. Jebur","doi":"10.25252/se/2020/111977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25252/se/2020/111977","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to model several chemical properties of shallow well waters and to investigate the spatial variability of these properties in different regions over two provinces in Iraq - Wasit and Dhi-Qar. Eleven wells were chosen to evaluate the quality of their water and its suitability for agricultural, civil engineering and human applications and uses. Samples were taken in January 2018 from Giazna (1, 2, 3, and 4 ), Karthiya, Badra, Dujaili, Shaikhsaad, Muwafaqiya, Hay, in Wasit province and from Fajr in Dhi-Qar province. The water samples were subjected to chemical analysis to measure the concentrations of sodium (Na 1+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), pH, electrical conductivity (Ec), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results were undergone several descriptive statistics Minimum (Min.), Maximum (Max.), standard deviation (std), skewness (skew.), and Kurtosis, (Kurt.) and coefficient of variation (CV%). Mathematical models were generated using Data Fit (9.3) software to predict sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) depending on chemical properties. The predicted values of SAR and ESP were validated using several validation indices including the factor of determination R 2 , root mean squared error (RMSE), absolute mean error (MAE), relative error (RE), correlation coefficient (r) and standard error (s). A GIS program was used to map the studied chemical properties. The results showed that the SAR model (SAR = a 1 × Na 1+ + a 2 × Ca 2+ + a 3 × Mg 2+ + a 4 × ESP + a 5 × X east + a 6 × Y north + a 7 ) which with (R 2 =0.999, SEE=5.30, RMSE=0.000, MAE=0.000, and RE=0.000) and the ESP model (ESP = Exp(a 1 × Na 1+ + a 2 × Ca 2+ + a 3 × Mg 2+ + a 4 × X east + a 5 × Y north + a 6 )) which with ( R 2 =0.9827, SEE=5.55, RMSE=0.037,MAE=0.026 and RE=0.003) were the best for predicting SAR and ESP values for the selected wells. The Well water quality index (WWQI) was determined and accordingly the water was classified as poor. As a result, the water of the studied wells was considered unsuitable for human consumption as drinking water and irrigation; except the well of Fajr which was found critically suitable for irrigation purposes.","PeriodicalId":21762,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48511272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}