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The Oxford Handbook of African Languages最新文献

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Cognition and Language 认知与语言
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.19
A. Fleisch
{"title":"Cognition and Language","authors":"A. Fleisch","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"The convergence between a linguistically motivated interest in cognition, on the one hand, and descriptive and typological interests, on the other, causes a growing number of scholars to recognize the need for enhanced linguistic anthropological work in the African context, which promises to be beneficial to both the study of human cognition and a richer understanding of African language cultures. By looking at how certain key areas of cognitive linguistics (conceptual metaphor, spatial language, temporality) have been applied to the study of African languages, this chapter focuses on the intersection of both perspectives: that of descriptivists and typologists. Current trends in the study of African languages that address language and cognition draw on grammaticalization studies, neo-relativism, and the emergence of linguistic areas by cross-linguistic conceptual convergence. How these relate to each other is briefly outlined in the second part of this chapter.","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115380225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Language and Archaeology 语言与考古
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.9
K. Bostoen
{"title":"Language and Archaeology","authors":"K. Bostoen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeology and historical linguistics have been crucial for the reconstruction of pre-colonial African history, as these two disciplines offer complementary approaches to societies of the past. Despite being fundamentally distinct, they do in fact share a number of key principles and concepts, such as stratigraphy, seriation, geographic distribution, and time-depth. This chapter offers an outline of these shared principles and their interpretation with reference to the Bantu Expansion, which was the main linguistic, cultural, and demographic process in Late Holocene Africa. The chapter also provides some thoughts on what a judicious interdisciplinary archaeo-linguistic approach to the African past might look like.","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124429876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Kolisi
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.43
Zelealem Leyew
{"title":"Kolisi","authors":"Zelealem Leyew","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.43","url":null,"abstract":"Kolisi is one of the least-known Ethiopian languages classified under the Central Cushitic (Agäw) language family. It has seven vowels and twenty-five consonants. As a typical Agäw language, the velar nasal /ŋ/, the alveolar affricate /ts/, and the velar fricative /x/ are among the archaic phonemes. Vowel length is not phonemic. Ejective sounds are absent. There are relics of prefix conjugation, but the language chiefly exhibits suffix conjugation. Verbs consist of a stem and agreeing suffixes of person, number, and gender as well as tense and mood. No gender distinction is shown in personal pronouns. Most nouns end in vowels where /-i/ indicates masculine and /-a/ feminine. Plural is marked heterogeneously but the morpheme /-ka/ appears most frequently. Accusative case is marked by the morpheme /-wa/. Kolisi is an SOV language and predominantly head-final. In complex sentences, subordinate clause precedes main clause.","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"251 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115768687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Syntax 语法
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.4135/9781483380810.n617
Jochen Zeller
{"title":"Syntax","authors":"Jochen Zeller","doi":"10.4135/9781483380810.n617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483380810.n617","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents an overview of the most important syntactic properties of African languages and language families. It investigates the status of syntactic word categories (noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, etc.) and examines the different word orders and word order alternations that are observed phrase-internally and at the level of the clause. Also discussed are syntactic constructions such as the passive, wh-questions, and relative clauses, as well as morphological phenomena that bear a close relation to syntax, such as case and agreement. Special attention is drawn to syntactic traits which are attested in African languages but which occur rarely, or not at all, outside Africa, such as the SVO–S-Aux-OV word order alternation (found in Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages as well as in Northern Khoisan), the construct state nominal (a characteristic of Afro-Asiatic languages), or logophoricity (a feature of subgroups of Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-Asiatic).","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124284790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conversation Analysis 对话分析
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.4135/9781526421036789623
Maren Rüsch
{"title":"Conversation Analysis","authors":"Maren Rüsch","doi":"10.4135/9781526421036789623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036789623","url":null,"abstract":"Conversation analysis, which began to evolve in the 1960s, studies the structure of talk, and how speakers organize a mostly fluent talk without many gaps or overlaps in order to guarantee maximal mutual understanding. It is based on the analysis of natural speech in a culturally natural environment. In this chapter, basic concepts of conversation analysis as well as the methods used by scholars are explained. A collection of examples from several African languages illustrates terminologies such as turn-taking strategies, sequence organization, and repair of trouble-sources in talk and provides an insight into new linguistic approaches to conversation analysis, especially in African settings.","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126176182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Pidgin and Creole Languages 皮钦语和克里奥尔语
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.59
G. Sommer
{"title":"Pidgin and Creole Languages","authors":"G. Sommer","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.59","url":null,"abstract":"Pidgin and Creole Studies represent a well-established field in linguistics. In the African context, however, the study of pidgins and creoles is still much less advanced. African pidgin and creole (PC) languages fulfill vehicular functions, whereas not all lingua francas in Africa are to be regarded as pidgins and creoles. While a map shows the distribution of African PC languages arranged from North and West to Central, East and southern Africa, they are further grouped and characterized in the text according to their main lexifier languages, by their presumed origins, the major contact languages involved and—if known—the actual linguistic outcome(s) of these respective contact situations.","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125500490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Language Policy and Politics 语言政策与政治
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.81
K. Sure
{"title":"Language Policy and Politics","authors":"K. Sure","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.81","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter is a discussion of the nexus between language policy and the national sociopolitical policies and practices with regard to the distribution of opportunities, human rights, values, recognition, freedom, equity, fairness, and the resolution of disputes. Examples from Africa are discussed using a modified conceptual framework adopted from Patten (2001) in which he argues that “a language enjoys public recognition when it is possible to access services and/or conduct public business in that language.” Using the examples of South Africa and Ethiopia we see how the official multilingualism model fails to promote all languages in a complex plurilingual polity, as it inadvertently promotes strong languages to the detriment of weaker ones. The use of the language rationalization model also failed in Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia, where the state’s tinkering with language behavior patterns only helps to privilege some languages and disadvantage others.","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129324741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ideophones 摹拟音
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00195-4
Christa Kilian-Hatz
{"title":"Ideophones","authors":"Christa Kilian-Hatz","doi":"10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00195-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00195-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114668846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Berber
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.37
M. Kossmann
{"title":"Berber","authors":"M. Kossmann","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.37","url":null,"abstract":"Berber languages are a close-knit language group within Afro-Asiatic. In Berber scientific and political discourse, there is a tendency to play down the differences, and often Berber is represented as one single language with only some superficial regional variation. Berber dialectology is predominantly synchronic. Instead of providing a tree-model of the different varieties, this chapter, by using different approaches, attempts to define a number of different synchronic blocks. In a block-like classification of Berber languages, seven such historically defined entities are established. In view of the continuous movement of convergence one may doubt that the reconstruction of a Proto-Berber entity is possible.","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122099815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Orthography Standardization 正字法标准化
The Oxford Handbook of African Languages Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.84
Elke Karan, David Roberts
{"title":"Orthography Standardization","authors":"Elke Karan, David Roberts","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.84","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the historical background to orthographies in African languages based on the Roman script, which poses challenges in particular with respect to the representation of vowels and tone. The development of such orthographies may be initiated as part of the intangible cultural heritage endeavor, more specifically the documentation of endangered languages or language diversity as part of human rights, but also for primary education or Bible translation purposes. In terms of language planning, three contrasting social models of orthography standardization are distinguished below: the laissez-faire model, the top-down model, and the community-based model. As further shown, common character inventories play a role at the intra-language as well as the language family level as well as on a national and international level. These practices are illustrated with two case studies, that of Ik in Uganda and that of Aja in Benin and Togo.","PeriodicalId":216099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of African Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128753322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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