Specter of the JewsPub Date : 2018-11-06DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0002
Ari Finkelstein
{"title":"Julian’s Hellenizing Program and the Jews","authors":"Ari Finkelstein","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"chapter 1 offers a framework for understanding the rest of the book. The emperor Julian’s imperial hellenizing program is explained as his attempt to right the cosmic order overturned by Constantine and his son, Constantius II, in order to save the Roman oikoumenē. As a philosopher partially trained in theurgic Neoplatonism, Julian applies these teachings to his imperial program in an attempt to define the correct hierarchy of ethnic gods who ensured the health and success of the Roman oikoumenē and to articulate the correct worship that would gain their beneficence. Ethnographic thinking is introduced as an important element in Julian’s program, and he applies it to the Hellenes, an “imagined community” defined by the emperor; to Jews, who are portrayed as the Judean ethnos, with theurgic ancestral laws that can be mined to develop and sometimes authorize or model Hellenic orthopraxy; and to Christians, as Galileans, a people without any ethnic legitimacy.","PeriodicalId":215560,"journal":{"name":"Specter of the Jews","volume":"26 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133136190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specter of the JewsPub Date : 2018-11-06DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0004
Ari Finkelstein
{"title":"Hebrews, Jews, and Judeans","authors":"Ari Finkelstein","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"chapter 3 situates Julian’s Against the\u0000 Galileans in the context of imperial ethnographic literature that constructs and positions Hebrews/Jews with Hellenes and Christians to define these ethnic entities. It examines Cyril of Alexandria’s Against Julian, the main source of our knowledge of Against the\u0000 Galileans and then places Julian in dialogue with Celsus, Origen, Porphyry of Tyre, and Eusebius of Caesarea, who all wrote about Jews in polemical or apologetic works. This comparison reveals the emperor’s methodology of using Jews as Judeans to shape Hellenic identity and weaken Christianity. This is especially apparent in Against the\u0000 Galileans, where Julian adopts Porphyry’s framework that Christians are truly heretical Jews, but he changes the content of his attack to shape Hellenic orthopraxy via his presentation of Jewish practices. Here Julian uses a Neoplatonist tactic of using Hebrews/Jews as sources for Hellenic wisdom. Responding to Eusebius, who argued that Jewish law and ethnicity is defunct after the destruction of the Jerusalem temple, Julian demonstrates that Jewish law remains efficacious and its continuity with Hebrew law proves that Jews are the true successors to the ancient Hebrews. Meanwhile, Christians are Galileans, a non-ethnos with no relation to the ancient Hebrews. This dynamic is repeated in the Letter to Theodorus, and its implications can be found in Julian’s other works about Jews.","PeriodicalId":215560,"journal":{"name":"Specter of the Jews","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127413435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specter of the JewsPub Date : 2018-11-06DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0007
Ari Finkelstein
{"title":"The God of Jerusalem and His Temple","authors":"Ari Finkelstein","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 explores the place Julian assigns the Jewish god in his divine order. His articulation and fixing of the Jewish god in his divine realm attempts to correct the Flavian dynasty’s mischaracterization of that order and restores the Judean ethnic god to his proper place. This endeavor realizes his ethnological arguments about Judeans in Galileans and occurs within a month of his publication of the Hymn to King Helios, in which he lays out Helios’s central place in the cosmic order. Julian’s various and sometimes contradictory characterizations of the Jewish god reveal his ambivalence over how close he ought to hold him. To rank the Jewish god too highly might collapse the boundaries between Jews and Hellenes and wreck his still fragile hellenizing program. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the impact on Christians of the replacement of Jesus with the Jewish god and the restoration of the temple.","PeriodicalId":215560,"journal":{"name":"Specter of the Jews","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132480551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specter of the JewsPub Date : 2018-11-06DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0006
Ari Finkelstein
{"title":"A Priestly Nation","authors":"Ari Finkelstein","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"chapter 5 demonstrates that Julian partially draws on Jews to model his highly innovative priestly program. Jewish priests exemplify the priestly life Julian lays out for his Hellenic priests in ep. 89b, and they execute laws laden with theurgic wisdom. Specifically, their observance of the dietary laws and consumption of consecrated food exemplify characteristics of the pagan holy man upon whom Julian models his priesthood. In the Letter to the Community of the Jews, Julian hints that he plans to restore Jewish priests to positions of leadership. The supreme standing of Jewish priests in a restored temple model Julian’s conception of ideal Hellenic leadership. Further, Jews offer Hellenes a model for the financing of priests, as Jewish priests receive the right shoulder of every sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":215560,"journal":{"name":"Specter of the Jews","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130000965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specter of the JewsPub Date : 2018-11-06DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0009
Ari Finkelstein
{"title":"Conclusions","authors":"Ari Finkelstein","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The conclusion imagines the impact of Julian’s rhetoric on the Antiochene landscape, especially as found in the writings of John Chrysostom some twenty years later. Chrysostom’s anti-Jewish rhetoric is typically seen as aimed at Christian Judaizers. This thesis is challenged and repostulated here. Chrysostom is forced to deal with a real Jewish danger to Christians unleashed by Julian years earlier. He does so by attempting to render Jewish laws, institutions, and practices inert and illegitimate. The particular ugly anti-Jewish language in Against the Judaizers can be explained by his perception of Jews as a danger to Christian orthodoxy.","PeriodicalId":215560,"journal":{"name":"Specter of the Jews","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124361310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specter of the JewsPub Date : 2018-11-06DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0005
Ari Finkelstein
{"title":"Propitiating the Gods, Saving the Empire","authors":"Ari Finkelstein","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 explores Julian’s effort to employ Judean “sacrifice” as an example of Hellenic orthopraxy and to convince Christians that the Eucharist was invalid because it bore no relationship to Hebrew sacrifice. Animal sacrifice was a key plank of Julian’s hellenizing program. It was also rarely found in Antioch, eschewed by both Hellenes and by Christians. In Galileans, Julian employs the theurgic Neoplatonism of Iamblichus of Chalcis to describe Jewish private slaughter as sacrifice. Such sacrifice is meant to stand in for Hellenic sacrificial orthopraxy. In the process, Julian demonstrates that Judean private sacrifice is the direct successor of Hebrew sacrifice on the Day of Atonement, while the Christian Eucharist is new and invalid. The impact of Julian’s argument on Antiochenes is also considered.","PeriodicalId":215560,"journal":{"name":"Specter of the Jews","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127536845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specter of the JewsPub Date : 2018-11-06DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0008
Ari Finkelstein
{"title":"Creating and Maintaining Hellenic Places in Antioch","authors":"Ari Finkelstein","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"chapter 7 explores how Julian clears the contaminating Christian contagion from the Antiochene landscape in order to facilitate Hellenic worship of the gods. The Christian cult of the martyrs and Christian daytime burial practices contaminated Hellenic worshippers who came into contact with the dead. To alleviate the growing threat, Julian employs a type of exegesis common in the city of Antioch that reads scripture in its historical context, employing grammatical acumen he learned in school to alter Christian perceptions of their martyrs. This is the only instance in which Jews are offered as a negative example for Hellenes. Julian also alludes to the recent Christian cult of the Maccabean martyrs changing the wording of Porphyry’s implied praise of the Maccabean martyrs for keeping their Jewish dietary laws to the words of the Apostolic Decree to remind Christians that these were Jews who died for their laws, laws that Peter insisted all Christians keep. By changing perceptions of the Christian cult of the martyrs, Julian redefined martyrdom as dying for one’s ancestral laws rather than belief in a “corpse.” His goal was to clear space for Hellenes to reach their temples in a state of purity and carry out efficacious sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":215560,"journal":{"name":"Specter of the Jews","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130294597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specter of the JewsPub Date : 2018-11-06DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0003
Ari Finkelstein
{"title":"Setting the Stage","authors":"Ari Finkelstein","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298729.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"chapter 2 lays out the Antiochene setting prior to Julian’s arrival there in the late summer of 362. The chapter explores the cosmopolitan nature of Antioch and the embeddedness of Jews within the city and its territory, as well as their interactions with local Christians and Hellenes. Many Christians kept Jewish laws and worshipped in Jewish synagogues. There is also evidence that some Antiochene Hellenes celebrated Jewish holidays with Jews and Christians. Some may have considered the Jewish god to be the highest god. Julian’s arguments about Jews draw on their influential place in Antioch and are designed to interact with Jewish sites in its landscape and to alter how Christians and Hellenes understand these sites and Jewish practices.","PeriodicalId":215560,"journal":{"name":"Specter of the Jews","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133660732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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