ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Cleveland City: Policy and Budget Reallocation Analysis","authors":"Rajvir Singh, Aarushi Bute, Jane Vu, Tanusree Banerjee, Edithe Lam, Matthew Zhang, Abhi Morumpalle, Shirshak Poudel, Michael Beirne, A. Chandran, Sumit Kumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3920776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3920776","url":null,"abstract":"The City of Cleveland in Ohio has endured suffering from detrimental budgeting and policy issues. The city’s monetary forecasts utilize internal recorded information, National and State economic indicators, and cost and income projections to appraise the city’s future monetary condition, including choices for controlling costs and expanding income (City of Cleveland, 2021). The purpose of this research paper is to examine the top five low-income and high-income areas in Cleveland. These low-income areas include Youngstown (Poverty rate of 36.2), East Cleveland (Poverty rate of 38.9), Warren (Poverty rate of 35.6), Fostoria (Poverty rate of 31.1), and Cambridge (Poverty rate of 33.2) (Exner, 2020). The high-income areas include Kamm's Corner, Riverside, Tremont, Old Brooklyn, and Jefferson (Kolmar, 2020). This project will discuss the background of Cleveland, Ohio, its budget allocation in previous years, the methods in which budget and allocation are chosen, and the contrast of methods to other cities in the US. A random digit dialing (RDD) survey will be distributed amongst residents in Cleveland, Ohio. The data will be processed in software including JASP and RStudio. Furthermore, the team will be specifically working with Cleveland City Council member Honorable Jasmine Santana.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130508550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsidy reforms in the Middle East and North Africa: Strategic options and their consequences for the social contract","authors":"M. Loewe, Georgeta Vidican Auktor","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3810832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3810832","url":null,"abstract":"After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government rents faded, subsidy spending became financially unsustainable and foreign donors pressed for reforms. Yet, reform has been challenging for all the governments as subsidies affect all consumers, therefore raising the risk of government delegitimisation. Several publications have analysed the subsidy reforms of various MENA countries, but few have systematically analysed their impacts on the prevailing social contracts. This paper shows that reforms in a key policy field such as subsidy spending can affect the nature of social contracts profoundly and distinctly, depending on the reform strategy. It assesses the reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States once more tightened sanctions against Iran and before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. We argue that governments applied distinct strategies to reduce subsidy spending without provoking major social unrest to reforms, with the effect that the social contracts of the three countries changed in quite different ways. Morocco’s government removed most subsidies, especially those that predominantly benefitted the middle-class. It explained the need for reforms, engaged in dialogue with society and implemented some compensatory measures for the poor. Thereby it succeeded in preserving substantial features of its prevailing social contract. The Egyptian government, in contrast, dismantled subsidy schemes more radically but without systematic information and consultation campaigns. Also, its compensatory measures remain limited, which shows that the government no longer relied on social benefits as a means of legitimisation. Instead, by using repression and a narrative of collective security, the emerging social contract has been transformed from being a provision to being a protection pact. Finally, Iran replaced subsidies with a generous quasi-universal cash transfer scheme, which was more cost-efficient and egalitarian. Even if inflation and external shocks eroded these benefits, the reform paved the way to a more inclusive social contract, at least for a couple of years. Lessons learnt from past social transfer reform strategies will be all the more interesting for MENA governments once they embark on post-COVID-19 reconstruction strategies, which are likely to compensate households for financial losses made during the COVID-19 crisis and help them make a new start in economic terms.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123181763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Government Incentives on the Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE’s) in Eastern Ethiopia: Evidence from Harar, Dire Dawa city Administration and Haramaya Town","authors":"W. Mamo","doi":"10.31014/AIOR.1992.03.03.268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31014/AIOR.1992.03.03.268","url":null,"abstract":"MSE’s are serving as a vehicle of the economic development for developing countries and the government is trying to incentivize the enterprises through different mechanisms. But, the effect of government incentives on the performance of MSE’s is not yet examined in Eastern part of Ethiopia which is the main aim of this study. In the same vein, there is no study that used both capitals, saving amount and employment together as a proxy measure of performance in the study areas. Based on the findings, enterprises who accessed credit accumulated higher capital, saved higher money, and created higher employment opportunity than enterprises who do not get credit access. MSE’s operating on government provided working-premise have lower capital and lower savings but employed higher number of employees than MSE’s who work on their own or rented working premises. Enterprises who accessed tax incentives saved higher, but less average capital and less employment compared to enterprises who have not accessed tax incentives. Furthermore, MSE’s who accessed training have had higher capital, saving and employment compared to MSE’s who have not accessed training provided by the government. Finally, based on the findings, necessary recommendations were forwarded for considerations.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114499219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perverse Incentives of Economic \"Stimulus\"","authors":"Daniel M. Rothschild, E. Hamilton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3561693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561693","url":null,"abstract":"The federal government widely promoted the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act<br>(ARRA), more commonly called the “stimulus package,” as a means to help states balance their<br>budgets for the 2010 fiscal year amid decreasing tax revenues. The ARRA allocated $140 billion to help states’ budgets from mid-2009 through 2011.1 Despite this infusion of funding from the federal government, states still face economic hardship. At least 41 states and the District of Columbia have reduced public services, and 30 states have raised taxes. As of this writing, at least 42 states still face unresolved budget shortfalls.<br><br>The disappointing results of the ARRA have led state and federal policy makers to call for more federal aid to states. This obscures the larger problem behind the states’ deficits and will lead to negative long-run consequences. Federal aid provides short-term relief to states that are struggling to remain solvent, but does nothing to address the systemic causes of states’ shortfalls: wasteful spending within bloated state bureaucracies. States are well advised to look very skeptically at targeted funds offered by Washington and instead focus on balancing their own budgets.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123116464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research of Institutional Aspects of the Project Financing of Socio-Economic Development of the Region","authors":"S. Kropelnytska, Olha Hryhoriv","doi":"10.15587/2312-8372.2020.194494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.194494","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research is the institutional aspects of project financing of the socio-economic development of the region. One of the most problematic places is the opaque and imperfect system of applying the project approach to its financial support. The study presents a generalized and interpreted definition of project financing of the socio-economic development of the region as an innovative mechanism for financial support for the implementation of the strategic tasks of the socio-economic development of the region based on the project approach. The analysis of the problematic aspects of the institutionalization of state financial support for the development of the regions on the basis of the project approach: – funds of the State Regional Development Fund (SRDF); – subvention for the development of infrastructure of the united territorial communities (UTC); – funds of the state budget of Ukraine received from the European Union. An institutional approach has been applied to consider the mechanisms of interaction and relationships of subjects of public relations, assess their behavior in meeting the norms of distribution and use of funds for project financing. The key general and distinctive institutional aspects of project financing of socio-economic development of the regional level are identified. The main problematic aspects for improving the institutional foundations of project financing of the socio-economic development of the region are identified. It is substantiated in the work that the mismatch of projects with the objective of regional development strategies, the terms of reference for plans for their implementation, as well as lobbying for non-development projects, and « projects supporting current activities » do not contribute to the development of territories. The research results are recommended for use in practice by representatives of legislative and executive authorities making decisions on the use of project financing tools for the socio-economic development of the region. It is proposed to the expert commissions on the selection of regional development projects, the working groups on strategic planning for the development of territories to take into account the identified positive and negative factors in order to further clarify the mechanisms of state financial support for developing projects at the regional level.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123848326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Federal Antideficiency Act at 150—Where Do We Stand?","authors":"Philip J. Candreva","doi":"10.1111/pbaf.12237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbaf.12237","url":null,"abstract":"The Antideficiency Act of 1870 codified Congress's power of the purse to curb unauthorized agency spending. Is it still working? This paper analyzes all violations of the Act over 12 years by agency and type, causes and consequences, and how violations were detected. The number of violations has trended down slightly. While agency preventive controls have failed, detective controls are working. Employees and agencies are comfortable self&#8208;reporting violations, which are neither pervasive nor material. The risk of violations increases during fiscal year transitions and periods of change. The Act remains effective at stopping unauthorized and overspending, but does not address wasteful spending.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129402312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unemployment, Partial Insurance, and the Multiplier Effects of Government Spending","authors":"G. Givens","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3480594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3480594","url":null,"abstract":"I interpret the empirical evidence on government spending multipliers using an equilibrium model of unemployment in which workers are not fully insured against the risk of job loss. Consumption of resources by the government affects aggregate spending along two margins: (i) an intensive margin owing to a fall in household wealth and (ii) an extensive margin that accounts for growth in the working population. At insurance levels below a certain threshold, the positive effects of (ii) dominate the negative effects of (i), leading to multipliers for private consumption and output that exceed zero and one. Similar results appear in a quantitative version of the model scaled to match estimates from micro data on the consumption cost of unemployment.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129866073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Funding and the Ascent of Chinese Science: Evidence from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","authors":"Albert G Z Hu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3473116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3473116","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We investigate the role of public funding in the rapid ascent of Chinese science by examining the impact of a major upgrade of a funding program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2011. Using research grant level data and a difference-in-differences estimator, we found that the more generous funding resulted in higher research output, measured by the number of publications, the number of citation-weighted publications, the number of journal impact factor-adjusted publications, and the maximum journal impact factor. This belies significant variation in the impact of the change in funding by researcher characteristics: 1) less-established researchers benefit more from the funding upgrade; 2) scientific fields that are more likely to be financially constrained benefited more; and 3) researchers from less-prestigious research institutions made more productive use of the additional funds. Finally, we found that the funding upgrade has led to increasing collaboration with researchers from top science-producing foreign countries for the less-prestigious institutions.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127493340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding Access to Universal Childcare: Effects on Childcare Arrangements and Maternal Employment","authors":"Audrey Bousselin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3538300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3538300","url":null,"abstract":"In most OECD countries, subsidised childcare is a key instrument to support maternal employment. Using a large reform implemented in Luxembourg in 2009, I study the effect of expanding access to subsidised childcare on childcare and employment decisions of women in a context where childcare is universal and heavily subsidised, but bound by capacity constraints. The identification relies on temporal variation across child age groups. The results show that, in response to the reform, the employment rate of mothers increased by 4-7 percentage points and their hours of work by around 3 hours per week. Studying heterogeneous effects reveals a differential impact of the reform for more vulnerable mothers. Parents whose youngest child is under the age of 3 are found to use more daycare services, for longer hours, while the use of informal care remains unchanged. These results suggest that there is no crowding out effect of the new policy.","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133657827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The End of Policymaking and the Rise of Mandatory Spending: A Fiscal Dilemma","authors":"Véronique de Rugy, J. Salmon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3690545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3690545","url":null,"abstract":"This policy brief will focus on the underlying causes of declining discretion in policy-making: specifically, the unsustainable growth of mandatory spending programs rooted in a rapidly aging population. We will discuss how this phenomenon will lead effectively to the end of policy-making in a little over a decade if no action is taken to avert this problem. While drastically raising taxes is not a feasible solution to this problem of unsustainable spending, numerous workable solutions are available to lawmakers. We recommend six modest reforms to Social Security, healthcare programs, and the budgetary process. While we recognize that these modest reforms are not a cure-all solution to America’s fiscal dilemma, these changes would demonstrate the willingness and ability of policymakers to address our deteriorating fiscal outlook.<br>","PeriodicalId":215412,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117078459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}