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System optimization: A mass memory system designed for the multi-program/multi-processors users 系统优化:为多程序/多处理器用户设计的大容量存储系统
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806070
J. Dobbie, D. Zatyko
{"title":"System optimization: A mass memory system designed for the multi-program/multi-processors users","authors":"J. Dobbie, D. Zatyko","doi":"10.1145/800197.806070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806070","url":null,"abstract":"THE PURPOSE of this paper is to demonstrate why a mass memory subsystem for multi-program operation requires simultaneity in both command and data transfer channels. A hypothetical computer system is discussed which will illustrate the points presented here and in a MAC project1.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115117499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Numerical applications: organization of a large-scale computer program for space-age geodesy 数值应用:组织用于空间时代大地测量的大型计算机程序
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806051
C. Sheffield, J. Morris
{"title":"Numerical applications: organization of a large-scale computer program for space-age geodesy","authors":"C. Sheffield, J. Morris","doi":"10.1145/800197.806051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806051","url":null,"abstract":"IT IS OFTEN USEFUL to classify particular computer programs as lying within some special category. Labelling a piece of work in advance as a scientific task, a software application, or a problem of pure data manipulation gives some idea of what to expect and is a useful guide when it comes to assigning programmers to the work.\u0000 When one considers very large applications of computers, any neat pigeon-holing of the task becomes more and more difficult. Large problems of commercial data processing often call for specialized software and few large scientific programs can be written without solving problems of data organization.\u0000 The program described in this paper is a case in point, where a scientific objective has called for specially designed software and special data-handling procedures. The result, GEO, is a unique synthesis of scientific calculations and program controls, with special devices to ensure efficient use of storage and a satisfactory labelling of program outputs.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123263386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Invited papers—2: recent computer developments in Great Britain 特邀论文2:英国计算机的最新发展
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806047
S. Gill
{"title":"Invited papers—2: recent computer developments in Great Britain","authors":"S. Gill","doi":"10.1145/800197.806047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806047","url":null,"abstract":"THE CHOICE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM as the venue for IFIP Congress '68 is an appropriate one. Computer developments in that country during the next three years will be worth watching.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128783760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Invited papers—3: Observations on time-shared systems 特邀论文3:对分时系统的观察
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806073
J. I. Schwartz
{"title":"Invited papers—3: Observations on time-shared systems","authors":"J. I. Schwartz","doi":"10.1145/800197.806073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806073","url":null,"abstract":"The purposes and achievements of the early time-sharing systems are not necessarily the limit to the purposes and potentials of these kinds of systems in the future. However, the experience so far is certainly pertinent and the associated merits and problems are worth describing. The purpose of this paper, then, is to discuss a number of phenomena observed after several years interest in the field. The emphasis is on matters that concern people who are interested in the concept, understand the state of the current systems, but are somewhat uncertain about the consequences of time-sharing. A number of questions that arise frequently will be discussed, and comments will be made on the merits and deficiencies of various kinds of time-shared and non-time-shared systems.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123673353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Invited papers—3: A new programming language: PL/1 特邀论文- 3:一种新的编程语言:PL/1
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806074
R. Sibley
{"title":"Invited papers—3: A new programming language: PL/1","authors":"R. Sibley","doi":"10.1145/800197.806074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806074","url":null,"abstract":"IN OCTOBER 1963, three members of the SHARE FORTRAN project and three IBM employees set out to develop a new programming language. IBM was soon to announce a new series of computers that would seek to cover the entire range of data processing applications, and was anxious to have a programming language of equivalent breadth. Moreover, many members of SHARE had found FORTRAN and COBOL inadequate for their ever-expanding set of applications, and they could find no suitable replacement. An adequate language for each application area was not enough since more and more problems were crossing application lines and, in addition, a multilanguage shop had been found to be expensive. So, a language development activity was begun, and with it came all of the advantages and disadvantages that accompany the full commitment of a major manufacturer and the active participation of a major users' group.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121708402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Man-machine interaction: Console oriented model building 人机交互:面向控制台的模型构建
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806059
M. Schatzoff
{"title":"Man-machine interaction: Console oriented model building","authors":"M. Schatzoff","doi":"10.1145/800197.806059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806059","url":null,"abstract":"ALTHOUGH THE STEPS comprising the scientific method have been defined by many authors, in a variety of ways, there is substantial agreement with regard to the basic philosophy underlying the idea. As a point of reference for the ensuing discussion, it might be well to consider the following six phases of research considered by Ackoff1: (1) - formulating the problem; (2) - constructing the model; (3) - testing the model; (4) - deriving a solution from the model; (5) - testing and controlling the solution; and (6) - implementing the solution.\u0000 In experimental work, the statistical design and analysis of experiments play a crucial role in the modeling process. Box and Hunter5 describe the experimental process as an iterative one involving conjecture, design, experiment, and analysis continually repeated. This iterative characteristic of the process suggests the desirability of being able to construct and test models quickly, while basing decisions at each stage upon information acquired from previous stages. Where non-trivial computations may be required, the analyst can benefit immeasurably by being able to use an electronic computer on a real time basis, with the facility to exercise judgment in modifying assumptions and carrying out complex analyses with ease.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134099267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Information retrieval: the Chemical Abstracts Service computer based chemical information processing system 信息检索:基于计算机的化学文摘服务化学信息处理系统
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806045
W. C. Davenport
{"title":"Information retrieval: the Chemical Abstracts Service computer based chemical information processing system","authors":"W. C. Davenport","doi":"10.1145/800197.806045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806045","url":null,"abstract":"THE CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE is a non-profit organization started in 1906 under the guidance of the American Chemical Society. The main activity of CAS, from its inception, has been to make the results of chemical information universally available. Until 1957 these objectives were met solely through the publication of printed abstracts, indexes, and other supporting material. In 1957 the CAS Research and Development Division was formed. Since that time the means of providing chemical information have been broadened to include computer-based express publications, customized alerting services, and a store of current and past chemical information in a computer processable form. Through use of the computer, information can be adapted to the needs of individuals and organization, and in-depth retrospective searching is made possible.\u0000 In 1964 CAS announced a long-range plan aimed at the installation of a national chemical information system. This paper describes the computer elements of that overall plan and speculates as to future improvements and extensions. Due to the massive amounts of information that must be processed, the plan has been oriented to the use of computers wherever possible and practical. The network of computer systems, when completed, will provide for the composition of current publications as well as for the integration of currently published material with computer-based information retrieval services. The first 3 illustrations show some of the basic publications.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131483381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation and performance of computers: the program monitor—a device for program performance measurement 计算机的评价和性能:程序监视器——一种测量程序性能的设备
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806034
C. Apple
{"title":"Evaluation and performance of computers: the program monitor—a device for program performance measurement","authors":"C. Apple","doi":"10.1145/800197.806034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806034","url":null,"abstract":"IN 1961 A GROUP was established within IBM to test systems programs before they were released for customer usage. The goal of this group was to assure IBM management that each program released would be satisfactorily usable by the customer.\u0000 One step taken by this group was to develop a monitor device which would permit programmers to record information being handled by the CPU during execution. Their intent was to use this recorded information to analyze the basic nature of programs with a goal of developing more adequate tests of a system program. Another potential use for this device was the measurement of hardware performance, such as disk-arm motion, at microsecond levels.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131700020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Invited papers—2: soviet computer science, revisited 特邀论文- 2:苏联计算机科学，重访
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806046
E. Feigenbaum
{"title":"Invited papers—2: soviet computer science, revisited","authors":"E. Feigenbaum","doi":"10.1145/800197.806046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806046","url":null,"abstract":"IN THE SUMMER OF 1960, I visited the Soviet Union as a delegate to the International Automatic Control Congress, made an extensive tour of computer centers in the USSR, and spoke with numerous Soviet scientists in computers and cybernetics (broadly defined, in the Soviet sense). A report of this trip was published in the Communications of the ACM1.\u0000 In October, 1964, I had the opportunity to revisit the Soviet Union under circumstances much more conducive to the free interchange of ideas and information. I was invited by the USSR Academy of Sciences to deliver a lecture series on heuristic programming and computer simulation of cognitive processes in the following cities: Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, and Novosibirsk.\u0000 The paragraphs that follow summarize, much too briefly, the state-of-art in a few computer areas as I saw them in October 1964.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115638199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Analysis of computational systems: Discrete Markov analysis of computer programs 计算系统分析:计算机程序的离散马尔可夫分析
ACM '65 Pub Date : 1965-08-24 DOI: 10.1145/800197.806061
C. Ramamoorthy
{"title":"Analysis of computational systems: Discrete Markov analysis of computer programs","authors":"C. Ramamoorthy","doi":"10.1145/800197.806061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806061","url":null,"abstract":"A PROGRAM with a number of subroutines can be represented by a flow diagram; Figure 1. The nodes represent the subroutines and the directed branches indicate the allowed transitions between them. Given a program consisting of n subroutines R<subscrpt>1</subscrpt>, R<subscrpt>2</subscrpt> .....R<subscrpt>n</subscrpt>, two matrices are also assumed to be known, viz., an n × 1 matrix of execution times of each subroutine and a n × n matrix <underline>P</underline>, such that its ij-th element P<subscrpt>ij</subscrpt> is the branching probability that the program will branch to subroutine j from subroutine i. We shall assume P<subscrpt>ij's</subscrpt> are statistically independent so that the model of the computer program is that of a discrete Markov process. The expected time to complete a program is then a summation of all possible statistically weighted paths that begin at an initial or starting subroutine and end at the terminal subroutine.","PeriodicalId":213949,"journal":{"name":"ACM '65","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127352500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 27
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