Revista de saude publica最新文献

{"title":"Acceptability of Covid-19 self-testing among Primary Health Care users.","authors":"Fabiane Soares, Laio Magno, Thaís Regis Aranha Rossi, Suelen Seixas, Thiago Silva Torres, Débora Castanheira, Helena Lima, Ana Paula Pitanga, Valdiléa Gonçalves Veloso, Inês Dourado","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006399","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify factors associated with the acceptability of Covid-19 self-testing among socioeconomically vulnerable populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study using data from the \"TQT Covid-19\" project, which involved users from 19 primary health care (PHC) units located in socioeconomically vulnerable areas in Salvador (BA) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. Data were collected between July 2022 and July 2023. Descriptive analysis of Covid-19 self-test acceptability was performed, and logistic regression models were used to estimate factors associated with acceptability, with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 7,939 study participants, 45.8% (95%CI 44.75-46.95) reported willingness to use a Covid-19 self-test. In the analysis of associated factors, regarding sociodemographic profile, non-Black individuals (ORa = 1.17; 95%CI 1.02-1.34), cisgender men (ORa = 1.23; 95%CI 1.12-1.37), and participants with higher educational levels (ORa = 1.60; 95%CI 1.43-1.79) were more likely to accept the self-test. Those with prior knowledge of the self-test (ORa = 2.33; 95%CI 2.11-2.58) and those previously diagnosed with Covid-19 (ORa = 1.17; 95%CI 1.05-1.28) also reported higher acceptance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Provision of Covid-19 self-testing should be considered as a complement to testing within the public health system, especially due to its acceptance among vulnerable populations and the difficulties in accessing testing in many Brazilian regions. During periods of increased Covid-19 incidence, self-testing may serve as an important strategy for mass case detection, provided that access and knowledge are expanded so communities can play an active role in SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e10s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the monitoring of the expansion of Covid-19 testing and surveillance in a municipality.","authors":"Alcione Brasileiro Oliveira, Ana Maria Freire de Souza Lima, Thais Regis Aranha Rossi, Gerluce Alves Pontes da Silva, Sisse Figueiredo de Santana, Trícia Silva Santos, Izabel Cristina Neves Ramos, Sintique Priscila Alves Lopes, Nathalia Almeida Suzart, Laio Magno, Inês Dourado, Lígia Maria Vieira da Silva","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006945","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze the monitoring of an intervention for expanding testing, isolation, quarantine, and telemonitoring of Covid-19 (TQT-Covid-Strategy) in an administrative health region of a municipality in Northeastern Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is an evaluative study, whose object of analysis were data produced in the monitoring of a health intervention (TQT-Covid-Strategy), for six months, in 17 health units, namely 12 Family Health Units and five Health Centers. Monitoring matrices created through field reports, workshops with professionals and managers, and permanent education activities were analyzed. Monitoring took place in the three components of the TQT-Covid-Strategy intervention: expansion of accessibility to testing, monitoring of cases and surveillance strategies, and digital platform. The actions in each component were considered adequate (A), partially adequate (P), and inadequate (I) in relation to the activities determined in the action plan and in the protocol of the TQT-Covid-Strategy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The component of the expansion of accessibility to testing was considered adequate, while the monitoring of cases and surveillance strategies presented partially adequate or inadequate results in many units. As for the digital platform component, there was predominantly adequate performance in relation to registration and access to test results and case reporting. However, the use of other surveillance-related resources, such as contact tracing, was inadequate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Boosting the institutionalization of monitoring can be an important instrument for the implementation and improvement of health interventions. The regular presence of enablers and a widely disseminated protocol, in addition to community health agents, enhanced the intervention. However, partially adequate or inadequate results reinforced the importance of qualification of the work process in primary health care regarding surveillance actions and the use of information and communication technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e9s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TQT-Covid-19 Study: coping strategies and lessons learned for the future.","authors":"Laio Magno, Thais Regis Aranha Rossi, Inês Dourado","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060S1ap","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060S1ap","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e2s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13143266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covid-19 testing in Primary Health Care: professionals' perceptions.","authors":"Denise Nogueira Cruz, Sandra Garrido de Barros, Ana Clara de Rebouças Carvalho, Thais Regis Aranha Rossi, Laio Magno, Inês Dourado","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006430","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze the perceptions of Primary Health Care (PHC) professionals regarding Covid-19 testing in basic health units (BHUs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This qualitative study, part of a formative research project, involved 22 semi-structured interviews and 4 focus groups with professionals working in PHC in a Brazilian capital city. Among other criteria, the professional most directly involved in pandemic response measures in each BHU was selected. Content analysis was performed using a deductive analytical approach, in which the findings were organized into categories defined based on the components of the health system (population; infrastructure; organization of services; service delivery or care model; and management).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Reports commonly referred, in the population component, to the challenges arising from the limitations of PHC coverage; in the infrastructure component, the insufficiency of human resources and physical infrastructure was highlighted, which in turn required changes in the organization and provision of services, with repercussions on the care model. The contributions also revealed that at some points during the pandemic there was a disruption of the work process, especially in family health teams. In the management component, weaknesses in communication flows between the health secretariat and the BHU were identified, although this was less frequently mentioned.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The perception that expanding and decentralizing testing in BHUs was necessary was confirmed. The findings point to the importance of coordinating the pandemic response and effectively decentralizing the actions adopted, of preparedness plans and strengthening PHC and its professionals, as well as investments in infrastructure and team training, and advances in actions aimed at occupational health. The pandemic revealed the importance of advancing the health economic-industrial complex and, fundamentally, strengthening and defending the Brazilian Unified Health System.</p>","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e7s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adoption of Covid-19 preventive behaviors in the community: Salvador and Rio de Janeiro.","authors":"Gabriele Amorim, Danielle Souto de Medeiros, Fabiane Soares, Laio Magno, Thaís Regis Aranha Rossi, Thiago Silva Torres, Valdiléa Gonçalves Veloso, Débora Castanheira, Inês Dourado","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006406","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the prevalence of adoption of Covid-19 preventive behaviors and to evaluate associated factors among users of health units in Salvador and Rio de Janeiro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study conducted between July 2022 and July 2023. Adoption of preventive behaviors was assessed based on eight behaviors, grouped into the following outcomes: social distancing; respiratory etiquette; mask use; hand hygiene; sociodemographic, housing, structural characteristics, and individual perceptions. All analyses were stratified by study site. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 5,476 participants from Salvador and 1,940 from Rio de Janeiro were evaluated. The most prevalent preventive behaviors were respiratory etiquette (82.7 and 84.3%) and hand hygiene (84.9 and 79.1%), respectively. In Salvador, age remained associated with all behaviors assessed. In Rio de Janeiro, adoption of preventive behaviors increased among those who received a Covid-19 vaccine booster. In both cities, individuals aged 40-59 years, ≥ 60 years, and those not employed showed higher adherence to social distancing. Respiratory etiquette was more prevalent among women, individuals with complete high school education, and those who received a Covid-19 booster. Mask use and hand hygiene were associated with female sex, older age, and vaccine booster in both locations. Mask use was also more frequent among those vaccinated against influenza, while hand hygiene was associated with higher education.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings reinforce the importance of public policies that promote maintenance of preventive behaviors and awareness of epidemic prevention, particularly among men, younger individuals, those with lower education, and those who do not receive recommended vaccines or booster doses.</p>","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e3s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13143268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covid-19 and chronic conditions: lessons to strengthen care in primary health care.","authors":"Marina Souza Vieira, Thais Regis Aranha Rossi, Carla Maria Lima Santos, Laio Magno, Ines Dourado","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006917","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze the work process of Primary Health Care (PHC) professionals regarding care practices aimed at users with hypertension and diabetes during the Covid-19 pandemic in a capital in Northeastern Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals who provided care and followed up this subpopulation in PHC. In addition, municipal documents and news reports from the Municipal Department of Health about Covid-19 and PHC were analyzed. The study criteria were Primary Health Care workers who acted in the Covid-19 pandemic in the same Family Health unit. Data were analyzed according to the health work process reference of Mendes-Gonçalves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pandemic has imposed significant changes in PHC practices. We observed priority of spontaneous demand, weaknesses in continuous monitoring of users, emphasis on prescriptions renewal, and work in vast territories, with unattended areas, by the Family Health Strategy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Health practices aimed at users with chronic conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, remain fragmented and should be resumed, but based on equity, with planning, monitoring, and knowledge of their territory in such a way to provide comprehensive and problem-solving access to the population that remains \"isolated,\" even with the end of the pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e5s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13143267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covid-19, primary care, and community surveillance in vulnerable areas: lessons learned from the results of the TQT-Covid-19 Study.","authors":"Alexandre Dias Porto Chiavegatto Filho, Bruno Pereira Nunes","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060S1ed","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060S1ed","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e1s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13143265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home isolation capacity after Covid-19 diagnosis in vulnerable communities of two Brazilian cities: TQT Covid-19 Study.","authors":"Audêncio Victor, Fabiane Soares, Diana Zeballos, Thais Aranha Rossi, Joilson Nascimento Paim, Thiago Silva Torres, Debora Castanheira, Valdiléia Gonçalves Veloso, Inês Dourado, Laio Magno","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006674","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate factors associated with self-reported capacity to comply with home isolation after Covid-19 diagnosis in vulnerable communities in two Brazilian cities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study, with data from a study on the implementation of an intervention based on strategies of testing, isolation, quarantine, and telemonitoring (TQT) of Covid-19 in Primary Health Care in vulnerable neighborhoods (TQT Covid-19 Study). Demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral data were used to perform descriptive and logistic regression analyses, aiming to evaluate the factors associated with home isolation capacity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample consisted of 324 participants, most of them women (72.5%) and who self-reported to be Black or mixed-race (85.2%). Regarding level of education, 20.1% had up to elementary school degree; 42% had high school degree; and 37.9% had higher education or graduate degree. The density of people per room was high in 57.1% of households. In the multivariate analysis, high household density (≥ 0.5 residents/room) was significantly associated with reduced isolation capacity (ORa = 0.41; 95%CI 0.20-0.82). Other sociodemographic and behavioral variables, including age, sex, race/skin color, level of education, history of Covid-19 infection, access to health services, and preventive behaviors, did not present a statistically significant association.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the study, housing conditions, especially high household density, can be a determinant for adherence to home isolation. Thus, innovative prevention strategies should combine educational and structural actions that consider the household context of vulnerable families.</p>","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e6s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demand creation for testing and Covid-19 surveillance indicators in the Covid-19 Testing, Isolation, Quarantine, and Telemonitoring Study.","authors":"Diana Zeballos, Fabiane Soares, Laio Magno, Thais Aranha Rossi, Gabriel Alves de Sampaio Morais, Carina Carvalho Dos Santos, Joice Neves Reis, Guilherme Barreto Campos, Lucas Miranda Marques, Alexandre Grangeiro, Debora Castanheira, Thiago Silva Torres, Valdilea Gonçalves Veloso, Ines Dourado","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006626","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze the demand creation strategies for Covid-19 testing and to describe surveillance indicators for testing, quarantine, contact tracing, and telemonitoring in primary health care services.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study used data from the Covid-19 Testing, Isolation, Quarantine, and Telemonitoring (TQT Covid-19) study, conducted from July 2022 to July 2023. Primary healthcare service units in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador were selected to apply an intervention to develop demand creation strategies for testing uptake. Demand creation strategies were grouped into online strategies, traditional means, primary health care service units, community, and active search. Logistic regression was performed to determine the characteristics of the population reached by each strategy. The following Covid-19 surveillance indicators were estimated for testing and prevention (testing rate, positivity rate, monthly incidence, and full vaccination rate); for telemonitoring (monitoring rate, severity, referrals, and mortality); for quarantine (quarantine conditions); and for contact tracing (proportion of contacts traced and refusals of testing).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The intervention reached 12,401 individuals, and 11,843 tests were performed. Demand creation strategies that reached more individuals for testing were primary health care service units (37.0%) and active search (25.9%). The positivity rate during the study period was 27.2% in Salvador and 11.5% in Rio de Janeiro. A total of 14.1% of cases were monitored, and most were asymptomatic (42.5%) or mild (52.3%). No deaths were reported among monitored cases. The proportion of fully vaccinated individuals was 91.8%. Contact tracing identified 25.1% of reported contacts, and 41.5% declined testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The intervention facilitated expanded testing. Primary health care service units and active search were the strategies that reached more individuals for testing. Telemonitoring and contact tracing were the most challenging components to implement in primary health care services units and, given their importance, should be strengthened for future pandemics. These findings underscore the relevance of surveillance for assessing public health measures, identifying gaps, and supporting data-driven decision-making to improve epidemic management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e8s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine or ivermectin for Covid-19 prevention in vulnerable Brazilian populations.","authors":"Débora Castanheira, Thiago Silva Torres, Thais Regis Aranha, Fabiane Soares, Ines Dourado, Valdilea Gonçalves Veloso","doi":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006988","DOIUrl":"10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006988","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore factors associated with the use of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and ivermectin for Covid-19 prevention in socioeconomically vulnerable populations in Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the project \"Expansion of testing, quarantine, digital health, and telemonitoring strategies to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil.\" Participants were users of 19 primary healthcare units in Salvador (Bahia, BA) and Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ) from July 2022 to July 2023. Data were collected via a socioeconomic questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression to assess factors associated with the use of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, or ivermectin for Covid-19 prevention. Multicollinearity was assessed using the generalized variance inflation factor (GVIF), with GVIF^(1/(2*df)) > 5 indicating potential collinearity. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the same backward selection procedure as the main model: excluding \"sometimes\" responses and stratifying analyses by city (Rio de Janeiro and Salvador).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 7,505 participants, 11.7% reported using chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, or ivermectin for Covid-19 prevention. Use was more frequent among people who identified themselves as Brown (ORa = 1.38; 95%CI 1.10-1.75), aged 35-44 (ORa = 1.34; 95%CI 1.03-1.75) or 44-59 (ORa = 1.36; 95%CI 1.06-1.77), evangelical (ORa = 1.32; 95%CI 1.14-1.53), and with comorbidities (ORa = 1.25; 95%CI 1.07-1.47). Having up to two doses of Covid-19 vaccine (ORa = 1.30; 95%CI 1.06-1.59) and being unvaccinated while living with someone with comorbidities (ORa = 10.34; 95%CI 2.27-53.48) also increased the odds of use. GVIF values were low except for city (8.79), due to its interaction with income; the variable was retained for conceptual reasons. Sensitivity analyses yielded results consistent with the main model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of ineffective medications for Covid-19 prevention was higher among specific demographic groups, reflecting inequalities in access to information and the influence of religious factors. Scientific communication and community engagement strategies remain essential to combat misinformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21230,"journal":{"name":"Revista de saude publica","volume":"60 suppl 1","pages":"e4s"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13143269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}