{"title":"Experimental Assessment of the Impact of Partial Saturation On the Mechanical Properties of Gas Shales","authors":"A. Minardi, A. Ferrari, R. Ewy, L. Laloui","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900289","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The impact of partial water saturation on the mechanical behaviour of clays and claystones has been widely proved. This work aims at demonstrating that also for gas shales partial water saturation has a significant influence on their stiffness and strength properties although they have different characteristics compared to other clayey materials. Samples extracted from two different unconventional shale gas reservoirs are tested. An experimental methodology and a testing device are developed to perform uniaxial compressive tests and unloading-reloading cycles at different total suction values. The control of total suction with the vapour equilibrium technique is used to equalize specimens to different water saturation conditions and assess the consequent impact on mechanical properties. The obtained outcomes clearly demonstrate that partial water saturation cannot be neglected to characterize the mechanical properties of gas shales. A reduction of uniaxial compressive strength of 22 % is observed in the total suction range between 150 and 10 MPa. Regarding the elastic stiffness, a decrease up to 50% is exhibited when the material is wetted from 150 MPa to 0 MPa of total suction.","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127170087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polygonal Faults and Seal Integrity","authors":"J. Cartwright","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900318","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This presentation reviews the impact polygonal faults exert on seal integrity. Often invoked as a class of seal bypass system, polygonal faults are embedded into many effective seals particularly in petroleum systems in which seal and reservoir were deposited in marine slope settings. Direct evidence for the role played by polygonal faults as conduits for fluid migration is sparse. However, there are numerous examples of seismic studies of leakage via polygonal fault networks. Two end member examples are reviewed here from the Ormen Lange Field, offshore Norway, and the Scarborough Field, NW Australia. In both cases, previously formed polygonal faults in the seal acted as fluid pathways during later leakage events, and this leakage occurred under radically different pressure and stress conditions than those prevailing during the formation and growth of the polygonal faults.","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116113414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early & Late Diagenetic Mineral Development within the Upper Jurassic Haynesville-Bossier Shale, USA","authors":"P. Dowey, K. Taylor","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"243 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124678804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ekofisk Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring of Injection in Shale","authors":"S. Narongsirikul","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900295","url":null,"abstract":"Cutting re-injection operations in overburden shale formations at the Ekofisk field, has started since 1997. High fidelity time-lapse seismic data (Life of Field Seismic, LoFS) are a critical tool to monitor development of pressure around the injected area. Time-strain data in particular can provide robust pressure and fracture development information. The data also efficiently assist in quantitative pressure estimation around the injected interval. This study has implications for unconventional shale reservoirs where time-lapse seismic are employed.","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130370780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fluid Flow Pathways in Shales: Damage Induced Permeability Change","authors":"M. Houben, J. V. Eeden, S. Hangx","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900307","url":null,"abstract":"Shale reservoir potential is largely determined by the connected pore network in the rock and the connection between the pore network and the naturally present or mechanically induced fracture network. These together determine the total permeability of the rock. We have used a number of different techniques to investigate the microstructure and permeability of Early Jurassic Shales from the UK (Whitby mudstone) when intact and with a mechanical induced fracture network. Permeability changes in the shales due to mechanically induced fractures are not straightforward, depending on the bedding orientation with respect to fluid flow and bedding orientation with respect to induced fractures permeability of the samples either increase by orders of magnitude, increase slightly or are very similar before and after fracturing.","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121947803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Mineralogical Composition on Geotechnical Properties of Opalinus Clay","authors":"Eleonora Crisci, A. Ferrari, S. Giger, L. Laloui","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900278","url":null,"abstract":"Opalinus Clay is the selected host geomaterial for the construction of underground geological disposals for radioactive waste in Switzerland. The formation has been studied in several sites, i.e. the Mont Terri laboratory, and several boreholes in the northeastern part of the Country, and several lithostratigraphic sub-units were identified. In this work, a hydro-mechanical testing campaign was performed on samples from a recently cored shallow borehole (< 70), and the results were compared with previous testing campaigns. The mineralogical compositions of the specimens were analysed and correlated with the geotechnical properties and the hydro-mechanical behaviour. It is shown that the mineralogy (and in particular the clay-mineral content) plays a predominant role on the specimen compaction properties. On the other hand, the burial history is manifested in the porosity of the geomaterial, that is considerably lower for the samples sourced at greater depth with a similar composition.","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127052751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Detailed Characterization of Namurian Shale in the Campine and Wallonian Basin, Belgium","authors":"W. Wei, R. Swennen","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900273","url":null,"abstract":"The Namurian Chokier Formation of late Mississippian has been studied in two shallow boreholes in southern Belgium which addresses to its shale gas potential. To help with the global assessment of this shale gas succession, the research focuses on the detailed characterization of the Chokier mudstones in Belgium which distribute in the Campine Basin and Wallonian Basin. After the description of cores and quarries from 6 sampling locations, the samples have been analysed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), microscopy, cold cathodoluminescence for petrographical and mineralogical study. It reveals that Chokier Formation is composed of successive mudstones in the Campine Basin while mudstones with more interbedded sandstones in the Wallonian Basin. The mudstones consist of the mixture of clay minerals (including kaolinite, illite, chlorite), quartz, feldspars, mica (including muscovite, biotite, phlogopite), carbonates (including calcite, dolomite, siderite, ankerite), sulfides (mainly pyrite), organic matter and amorphous material. In consideration of variable sedimentary structures and relative proportions of clay minerals, carbonates, quartz, feldspar and mica, 3 lithologies and 8 lithofacies have been classified in the Chokier mudstones. The deposition setting of Chokier Formation changes from marine, prodelta to delta front from the Campine Basin in northern Belgium to the Wallonian Basin in southern Belgium.","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115539010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dominance of Wind Blown Minerals in Black Shales, Connecting Continental Climate, Fe Fertilization and Mineral Ballasting","authors":"M. Kennedy, L. Mayer","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900282","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The origin of organic carbon-rich (black) shales is commonly attributed to changes in oceanographic conditions such as anoxia or heightened biological productivity. Here we use sub-micron in situ X-Ray mineral mapping at the grain scale to identify sedimentological and diagenetic processes controlling deposition that are not evident in traditional bulk approaches. Lack of sorting, abundance of angular feldspar and other less stable mineral phases, and absence of evidence of winnowing all imply pelagic deposition of detrital minerals of aeolian origin. Using modern values of iron content in dust, the fraction of bioavailable iron, and the range of Fe:C ratios needed by phytoplankton, we calculate that the amount of organic matter associated with dust mineral particles could have been stimulated by the bioavailable iron in that dust. The anoxic bottom waters would efficiently preserve this high ratio of organic matter to minerals. We propose that aeolian deposition is a fundamental and overlooked component of black shale formation, accounting for minerals that are associated with nutrient influx and assist with ballasting of resultant blooms, and stimulate anoxia in the centre of basins. Such processes would be tightly coupled with changes in continental climate and provenance.","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"256 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124300912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Popov, Y. Popov, R. Romushkevich, M. Spasennykh, E. Kozlova
{"title":"Detailed profiling organic carbon content of oil shales with thermal core logging technique","authors":"E. Popov, Y. Popov, R. Romushkevich, M. Spasennykh, E. Kozlova","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900305","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The development of a thermal core logging technique as a field-scale geophysical technique presented new possibilities for multiphysical testing of shales, e.g. preparation of representative databases of the thermal properties for basin modeling and hydrodynamic modeling for thermal methods of EOR, and practical application of correlations between shale thermal conductivity and total organic carbon. The technique of determination of oil shale total organic carbon from the thermal core logging data was developed that provides detailed continuous high-resolution profiling total organic carbon of oil shales along wells. The technique was studied and tested on more than 11 500 oil shale samples from Bazhenov and Domanic Formations when more than 1250 shale samples were also tested for total organic carbon content with Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The data on shale total organic carbon obtained from the measurements with pyrolysis allow to calibrate and control the results of total organic carbon determinations from the thermal core logging. Continuous profiling total organic carbon from continuous thermal core logging provides reasonable selection of shale samples for future investigations and are basis for basin modeling and calculation of reserves","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116986235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chemo-Mechanical Coupling in Fine-Grained Soils and Sedimentary Rocks","authors":"I. Bourg, F. Carrillo, X. Shen, T. Underwood","doi":"10.3997/2214-4609.201900293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900293","url":null,"abstract":"Fine-grained sedimentary rocks such as shale or mudstone are ubiquitous in sedimentary basins and play important roles as caprocks, host rocks, or source rocks in many energy technologies including carbon capture and storage, nuclear waste storage, and hydrocarbon extraction. Fine-grained soils are equally ubiquitous and play important roles in soil carbon storage and food security. Accurate predictive models of the hydrologic properties of these media remain elusive, however, because of the significant experimental challenges posed by their low mechanical strength, ultra-low permeability, and sensitivity to geochemical and geomechanical alteration. An even greater challenge is that nanoscale interactions between clay particles give rise to strong couplings between the chemistry, mechanics, and hydrology of these media. Our research aims to gain fundamental insight into these interactions and couplings by using computational fluid dynamics, discrete element model, brownian dynamics, and atomistic-level simulations of water-clay-salt-(organic) systems.","PeriodicalId":210694,"journal":{"name":"Sixth EAGE Shale Workshop","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124815601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}