Labor: Human Capital eJournal最新文献_第2页

How Should Education in Rural Areas be Reformed? 如何改革农村教育?

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-06-30 DOI: 10.15354/sief.21.co015

A. Cheung

{"title":"How Should Education in Rural Areas be Reformed?","authors":"A. Cheung","doi":"10.15354/sief.21.co015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.21.co015","url":null,"abstract":"Rural areas are the product of the development of productivity to a certain stage. Generally, rural areas are geographical areas located outside of cities and towns. The Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines the term “rural” as “...not including all population, housing, and territory in urban areas. Anything that is not in a city is regarded as a rural area” (HRSA, 2021). From the perspective of production methods, rural areas refer to “a place where people mainly engaged in agricultural production live together” (The Dictionary Editing Office of the Institute of Languages, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2005). When productivity has not yet reached a high level of development, there are still essential differences between urban and rural areas. Affected by economic transformation and geographical location, rural economic growth has been restricted. According to United Nations statistics, in 2018, the rural population accounted for more than half of the global population, and the rural poor accounted for 79% of the worldwide poverty population; the poverty rate in rural areas was more than three times that of urban areas. Of the 2 billion people in the world who do not have basic health services, 70% live in rural areas; the ratio of energy access in rural areas is about 75%, while that in urban areas is 96% (United Nations General Assembly, 2018).","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122940937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The contemporary strategic challenges facing higher education 当代高等教育面临的战略挑战

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-06-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3919111

V. Terziev, M. Lyubcheva, M. Georgiev

引用次数: 2

Universal Basic Income in Developing Countries: Pitfalls and Alternatives 发展中国家的普遍基本收入:陷阱和选择

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-06-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3865087

Marcel Peruffo, Pedro Cavalcanti Ferreira, André Cordeiro Valério

引用次数: 2

Monitoring Decreases Discrimination 监测减少歧视

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-06-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3858441

E. Baker, Veronika Grimm

{"title":"Monitoring Decreases Discrimination","authors":"E. Baker, Veronika Grimm","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3858441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3858441","url":null,"abstract":"There is broad but ambiguous evidence on ethnic discrimination. In particular, there is a disparity between lab and field. In order to assess a possible influence of monitoring (e.g. in an experimental setup) on discrimination we implement a recruitment setup on an online crowdsourcing marketplace with US residents. Our three treatments vary the context of a recruitment situation. Participants are either (1) simply asked to perform a pre-selection in a recruitment process, or (2) additionally made aware they are participating in an experiment, or (3) additionally made aware their decisions will be evaluated ex post. We use a causal forest to uncover heterogeneity in ethnic discrimination. On average, participants favor résumés with names typically associated with Black Americans by a small amount. A small minority of participants strongly favor résumés with names typically associated with White Americans in the control treatment, but this effect disappears if participants are told that they are participating in an experiment or that their decisions are being monitored. Our study thus demonstrates that socially acceptable discrimination pertains while undesirable discrimination is mitigated by monitoring. This extends to experimental setups, explaining part of the disparity between lab and field.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116904637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Race, Glass Ceilings, and Lower Pay for Equal Work 种族、玻璃天花板和同工同酬

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3811410

D. Hegde, Alexander Ljungqvist, Manav Raj

引用次数: 1

Disparities in Socio-Economic Status and BMI in the UK Are Partly Due to Genetic and Environmental Luck 英国人在社会经济地位和体重指数上的差异部分是由遗传和环境运气造成的

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3839489

C. Burik, H. Kweon, P. Koellinger

{"title":"Disparities in Socio-Economic Status and BMI in the UK Are Partly Due to Genetic and Environmental Luck","authors":"C. Burik, H. Kweon, P. Koellinger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3839489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3839489","url":null,"abstract":"Two family-specific lotteries take place during conception— a social lottery that determines who our parents are and which environment we grow up in, and a genetic lottery that determines which part of their genomes our parents pass on to us. The outcomes of these lotteries create inequalities of opportunity that can translate into disparities in health and socioeconomic status. Here, we estimate a lower bound for the relevance of these two lotteries for differences in education, income and body mass index in a sample of 38,698 siblings in the UK who were born between 1937 and 1970. Our estimates are based on models that combine family-specific effects with gene-by-environment interactions. We find that the random differences between siblings in their genetic endowments clearly contribute towards inequalities in the outcomes we study. Our rough proxy of the environment people grew up in, which we derived from their place of birth, are also predictive of the studied outcomes, but not beyond the relevance of family environment. Our estimates suggest that at least 13 to 17 percent of the inequalities in education, wages and BMI in the UK are due to inequalities in opportunity that arise from the outcomes of the social and the genetic lottery.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129498458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Understanding the Black-White Wealth Gap in the United States 理解美国黑人与白人的贫富差距

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-04-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3800592

Nirvikar Singh

引用次数: 0

Conformity and Soft Skills as Determinants of Alternatively Credentialed Non-College Graduate Hireability 一致性和软技能作为非大学毕业生可选择性聘用的决定因素

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-04-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3829269

J. Vandivier

引用次数: 0

Skill-Biased Entrepreneurial Decline 技能偏向型企业家的衰落

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-04-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3480303

Helu Jiang, Faisal Sohail

{"title":"Skill-Biased Entrepreneurial Decline","authors":"Helu Jiang, Faisal Sohail","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3480303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3480303","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. is undergoing a long-term decline in entrepreneurship. We show that this slowdown in entrepreneurship has been more pronounced for skilled individuals – those with at least a college degree. We propose that this skill-biased decline is a response to the rise in worker skill premium that occurred over the same period. In support of this, we document that earnings for workers grew faster than entrepreneurs, particularly for skilled individuals, discouraging the pursuit of entrepreneurship relative to wage employment. To quantify the impact of the skill premium on entrepreneurship, we develop a model of occupational choice that features worker heterogeneity. In the model, an increase in the skill premium – driven by skill-biased technological change – contributes little in lowering entrepreneurship. Instead, around 70% of the observed decline in entrepreneurship is driven by skill-neutral technological change and a rising share of college graduates. The rising skill premium interacts with these forces and fully explains the skill-biased nature of the decline. Further, by shifting the composition of entrepreneurs towards relatively low productivity entrepreneurs, an increase in the skill premium lowers average entrepreneurial productivity. This suggests an integral role for the changing income structure of workers in driving the broader decline in business dynamism in the U.S.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124945601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Household Wealth and Entrepreneurial Career Choices: Evidence from Climate Disasters 家庭财富与创业职业选择:来自气候灾害的证据

Labor: Human Capital eJournal Pub Date : 2021-03-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3803436

Xiao Cen

引用次数: 3