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Overview on Pyrometallurgical Recycling Process of Spent Lithium-ion Battery 废锂离子电池火法回收工艺综述
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.27
Eunmi Park, C. Han, S. Son, Man-Seung Lee, Yong Hwan Kim
{"title":"Overview on Pyrometallurgical Recycling Process of Spent Lithium-ion Battery","authors":"Eunmi Park, C. Han, S. Son, Man-Seung Lee, Yong Hwan Kim","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.27","url":null,"abstract":"The global demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been continuously increasing since the 1990s along with the growth of the portable electronic device market. Of late, the rapid growth of the electric vehicle market has further accelerated the demand for LIBs. The demand for the LIBs is expected to surpass the supply of lithium from natural resources in the near future, posing a risk to the global lithium supply chain. Moreover, the continuous accumulation of end-of-life LIBs is expected to cause serious environmental problems. To solve these problems, recycling the spent LIBs must be viewed as a critical technological challenge that must be urgently addressed. In this study, recycling LIBs using pyrometallurgical processes and post-processes for efficient lithium recovery are briefly reviewed along with the major accomplishments in the field and current challenges.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88916407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Electrochemical Behavior of Tin and Silver during the Electrorecycling of Pb-free Solder (Sn-Ag-Cu) Waste 无铅锡(Sn-Ag-Cu)废料电回收过程中锡和银的电化学行为
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.61
Min-seuk Kim, Jae-chun Lee, R. Kim, K. Chung
{"title":"Electrochemical Behavior of Tin and Silver during the Electrorecycling of Pb-free Solder (Sn-Ag-Cu) Waste","authors":"Min-seuk Kim, Jae-chun Lee, R. Kim, K. Chung","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.61","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the electrochemical behavior of Sn (93.0 %)-Ag (4.06 %)-Cu (0.89 %) during electrolysis of Pb-free solder waste to recover tin and silver. A thin strip of the solder waste produced by high-temperature melting and casting was used as a working electrode to perform electrochemical analysis. During anodic polarization, the current peak of an active region decreased with an increase in the concentration of sulfuric acid used as an electrolyte. This resulted in the electro-dissolution of the working electrode in the electrolyte (1.0 molL -1 sulfuric acid) for a constant current study. The study revealed that the thickening of an anode slime layer at the working surface continuously increased the electrode potential of the working electrode. At 10 mAcm -2 , the dissolution reaction continued for 25 h. By contrast, at 50 mAcm -2 , a sharp increase in the electrode potential stopped the dissolution in 2.5 h. During dissolution, silver enrichment in the anode slime","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87850208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Current Status of Lime Bordeaux Mixture Research using Properties of Lime based Minerals 利用石灰基矿物的性质研究石灰波尔多混合料的现状
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.16
Young-jin Kim, Jun-hyung Seo, Yang-soo Kim, Kye-Hong Cho, Jin-sang Cho
{"title":"Current Status of Lime Bordeaux Mixture Research using Properties of Lime based Minerals","authors":"Young-jin Kim, Jun-hyung Seo, Yang-soo Kim, Kye-Hong Cho, Jin-sang Cho","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.16","url":null,"abstract":"Limestone is the largest mineral resource in South Korea and is used in various industries, particularly as a primary raw material in the cement and iron industries. However, research on the utilization of limestone in fields such as agriculture, powder, and green chemistry is severely lacking. In this review, studies concerning the crop antibacterial industry using unslaked or slaked lime produced from limestone were analyzed. Reports regarding lime bordeaux mixture were also considered. By compiling research results, processing technologies for improving the antibacterial efficiency of lime bordeaux mixture are discussed. In addition, plans for the revitalization of research on crop antibacterial agents through the limestone processing industry were summarized.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79696289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Study on the Characteristics of Chlorine-Containg Cement Depending on Changes in Gypsum and Iron Modulus 含氯水泥随石膏和铁模量变化特性的研究
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.53
Young-Jun Lee, N. Kim, Jeong-Hoon Cho, S. Seo, Yong-sik Chu
{"title":"A Study on the Characteristics of Chlorine-Containg Cement Depending on Changes in Gypsum and Iron Modulus","authors":"Young-Jun Lee, N. Kim, Jeong-Hoon Cho, S. Seo, Yong-sik Chu","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.53","url":null,"abstract":"The physical properties of chlorine-containing cement were analyzed to optimize the operational conditions when waste resources containing chlorine were used in the cement manufacturing process. Cement with clinker to gypsum weight ratios of 95:5 and 93:7 were manufactured. In addition, the iron modulus (IM) of clinker was set to 1.3, 1.5, and 1.7 to evaluate the burnability and physical properties of clinker. With constant chlorine content, increasing gypsum content resulted in a decrease in the 3 day-compressive strength, whereas the 28 day-compressive strength increased. In addition, flow and setting time also increased with increasing gypsum content. As the IM decreased, burnability was improved, free-CaO content decreased, alite and ferrite content increased, and compressive strength increased In particular, the compressive strength of IM 1.3 was approximately 14% greater than that of","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79739017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Heat Balance during the Electrowinning of Neodymium Metal in Molten Salt 熔盐中电积钕金属过程中的热平衡
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.81
Sung-Wook Cho, Jeong-Hyun Yu, Ho-Gil Choi
{"title":"Heat Balance during the Electrowinning of Neodymium Metal in Molten Salt","authors":"Sung-Wook Cho, Jeong-Hyun Yu, Ho-Gil Choi","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.81","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption per unit weight of metal (kwh/kg of metal) is one of the most important economic indicators in the process of molten salt electrolysis. It is related to the heat loss of salt bath and the current efficiency of the process. The current efficiency is highly dependent on electrolysis temperature. On the other hand, the temperature of salt bath may increase significantly due to the difference (larger energy input than consumption) in heat balance at the beginning of electrolysis, which may cause different electrolysis temperature from an initially targeted value. This results in a bad effect on current efficiency. Therefore, it will be helpful to the reduction of energy consumption to compare the calculated and measured values of the temperature change of salt bath through the heat balance review at the early stage of electrolysis and to evaluate the energy loss to outside. In this study, based on the authors’ experimental data, the heat balance was reviewed at the beginning of the electrolysis, and it was possible to evaluate the energy loss to the outside and the increase of the temperature of the salt bath quantitatively. Through such a method, heat loss reduction plan can be derived and current efficiency can be improved so that energy consumption can be reduced.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76770687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Crystal Structure Behavior of Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite (VTM) Ore by Planetary Ball Mill 行星球磨机对钒钛磁铁矿(VTM)矿石晶体结构行为的研究
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.63
Yosep Han, Seongmin Kim, Minuk Jung, Hoseok Jeon
{"title":"Crystal Structure Behavior of Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite (VTM) Ore by Planetary Ball Mill","authors":"Yosep Han, Seongmin Kim, Minuk Jung, Hoseok Jeon","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.63","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, mechanical grinding using a planetary ball mill was performed under various conditions to evaluate its effect on the crystal structure of vanadium titanium magnetite (VTM) ore from the Kwain Mine in South Korea. The crystal structure of the activated product was also evaluated. Magnetite and ilmenite were identified as the main types of VTM ore used in the Kwain Mine, and the main types of gangue minerals were iron-based silicate minerals. According to the mechanical activation results, the crystallinity and crystal size decreased as the size of the grinding media (balls) decreased, and the amorphization of the sample/ball filling was significant as the amount of the sample was reduced. In addition, as the grinding speed and time increased, the crystal structure significantly changed, proving that these two parameters had a greater effect on the crystal structure than the ball size and sample/ball filling ratio.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84163823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Water Leaching Behavior of Vanadium from a Salt-roasted VTM Concentrate and the Preparation of High-concentration Vanadium Solution 盐焙烧VTM精矿中钒的水浸行为及高浓度钒溶液的制备
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.56
Yujin Park, R. Kim, Min-seuk Kim, Hoseok Jeon, K. Chung
{"title":"The Water Leaching Behavior of Vanadium from a Salt-roasted VTM Concentrate and the Preparation of High-concentration Vanadium Solution","authors":"Yujin Park, R. Kim, Min-seuk Kim, Hoseok Jeon, K. Chung","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.56","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the water leaching behavior of vanadium in Na2CO3-roasted vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite (VTM) concentrate. The magnetic concentrate and Na2CO3, mixed in a mass ratio of 4:1, were roasted at 1050 °C, kept for 3 h, and ground to a size of D50 = 48.79 μm using a rod mill. The effects of leaching temperature and pulp density on water leaching were then investigated. The results show that the vanadium leaching efficiency decreased to 90.4%, 88.2%, and 83.8% as the temperature increased to 25, 55, and 85 °C, respectively, whereas it remained almost constant 90.4%, 87.0%, and 87.0% as the pulp density increased to 10, 50, and 100 w/v%, respectively. Based on the preliminary leaching results, multi-stage leaching was conducted with the experimental conditions of 25 °C, 100 w/v%, 300 rpm, and 1 h. The vanadium concentration in the final leaching solution was determined as 16.20 g/L after four stages of leaching. Thus, a high-concentration sodium vanadate solution was prepared by multi-stage leaching.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80835765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Development of Vanadium Recovery Process Using Reduction Pre-treatment from Vanadium Titanium-Magnetite (VTM) Ore 钒钛磁铁矿(VTM)还原预处理回收钒工艺研究
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.12
Byunghun Go, Do-Young Jeong, Yosep Han, Seongmin Kim, Yeoni Chu, Byung-su Kim, Hoseok Jeon
{"title":"Development of Vanadium Recovery Process Using Reduction Pre-treatment from Vanadium Titanium-Magnetite (VTM) Ore","authors":"Byunghun Go, Do-Young Jeong, Yosep Han, Seongmin Kim, Yeoni Chu, Byung-su Kim, Hoseok Jeon","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to develop a vanadium recovery process using reduction pre-treatment in the Vanadium TitanoMagnetite (VTM) The sample for the research was provided by the Gwan-in Mine in Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do. The vanadium content of the sample is 0.54 V 2 O 5 % and vanadium is concentrated mainly in magnetite and ilmenite. Magnetic separation of the sample can increase vanadium content up to 1.10 V 2 O 5 %. To increase the vanadium content further, reduction pre-treatment was performed, which is a process of concentrating vanadium present in the iron by reducing iron in magnetite using carbon(C). Based on this reduction pre-treatment, the magnetic separation process was developed, which achieved a vanadium grade of 1.31V 2 O 5 % and 79.68% recovery. In addition, XRD analysis of the vanadium concentrate before and after reduction and the final vanadium concentrate was performed to confirm the behavior of vanadium by reduction pre-treatment.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83944985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Study on the Manufacture of High-purity Vanadium Pentoxide for VRFB Using Chelating Agents 用螯合剂制备VRFB用高纯五氧化二钒的研究
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.20
S. Kim, S. Kwon, Hee Seo Kim, Y. Suh, Jeong‐Hyun Yoo, Hankwon Chang, Hoseok Jeon, I. Park
{"title":"Study on the Manufacture of High-purity Vanadium Pentoxide for VRFB Using Chelating Agents","authors":"S. Kim, S. Kwon, Hee Seo Kim, Y. Suh, Jeong‐Hyun Yoo, Hankwon Chang, Hoseok Jeon, I. Park","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.20","url":null,"abstract":"This study implemented a chelating agent (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA) in purification to obtain high-purity vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) for use in VRFB (Vanadium Redox Flow Battery). V 2 O 5 (powder) was produced through the precipitation recovery of ammonium metavanadate (NH 4 VO 3 ) from a vanadium solution, which was prepared using a low-purity vanadium raw material. The initial purity of the powder was estimated to be 99.7%. However, the use of a chelating agent improved its purity up to 99.9% or higher. It was conjectured that the added chelating agent reacted with the impurity ions to form a complex, stabilizing them. This improved the selectivity for vanadium in the recovery process. However, the prepared V 2 O 5 powder exhibited higher contents of K, Mn, Fe, Na, and Al than those in the standard counterparts, thus necessitating additional research on its impurity separation. Furthermore, the vanadium electrolyte was prepared using the high-purity V 2 O 5 powder in a newly developed direct electrolytic process. Its analytical properties were compared with those of commercial electrolytes. Owing to the high concentration of the K, Ca, Na, Al, Mg, and Si impurities in the produced vanadium electrolyte, the purity was analyzed to be 99.97%, lower than those (99.98%) of its commercial counterparts. Thus, further research on optimizing the high-purity V 2 O 5 powder and electrolyte manufacturing processes may yield a process capable of commercialization.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75847143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recovery Process of Vanadium from the Leaching Solution of Salt-Roasted Vanadate Ore 盐焙钒酸矿浸出液中钒的回收工艺研究
Resources Recycling Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.40
Ho-Sung Yoon, Seongwoo Heo, Yujin Park, Chul-Joo Kim, K. Chung, R. Kim, Hoseok Jeon
{"title":"Recovery Process of Vanadium from the Leaching Solution of Salt-Roasted Vanadate Ore","authors":"Ho-Sung Yoon, Seongwoo Heo, Yujin Park, Chul-Joo Kim, K. Chung, R. Kim, Hoseok Jeon","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.2.40","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effects of solution components were investigated in the recovery of vanadium as ammonium metavanadate from vanadium-ore-salt roasting–water leaching solution. The vanadium-containing solution is strongly alkaline (pH 13), so the pH must be lowered to 9 or less to increase the ammonium metavanadate precipitation efficiency. However, in the process of adjusting the solution pH using sulfuric acid, aluminum ions are co-precipitated, which must be removed first. In this study, aluminum was precipitated in the form of an aluminum-silicate compound using sodium silicate, and the conditions for minimizing vanadium loss in this process were investigated. After aluminum removal, the silicate was precipitated and removed by adjusting the solution pH to 9 or less using sulfuric acid. In this process, the concentration and addition rate of sulfuric acid have a significant influence on the loss of vanadium, and vanadium loss was minimized as much as possible by slowly adding dilute sulfuric acid. Ammonium metavanadate was precipitated using three equivalents of ammonium chloride at room temperature from the aluminum-free, aqueous solution of vanadium following the pH adjustment process. The recovery yield of vanadium in the form of ammonium metavanadate exceeded 81%. After washing the product, vanadium pentoxide with 98.6% purity was obtained following heat treatment at 550 ℃ for 2 hours.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75148966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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