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The Construction of States and Societies in the Sahel 萨赫勒地区国家和社会的建设
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.10
J. Olivier de Sardan
{"title":"The Construction of States and Societies in the Sahel","authors":"J. Olivier de Sardan","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"Today, there is a threatening divide between state and societies in Sahelian countries. Societies have become increasingly diversified and are permeated by growing divisions. In contrast, the states are relatively standardized. They are partly a legacy of the colonial legacy of the despotic state, but they also developed some original traits—for example, a very specific bureaucratic culture and a quasi-private monopolization by a business-oriented political elite. In a context of aid dependency and elite capture, Sahelian states are today confronted with widespread distrust on the part of their citizens and a serious crisis in relation to the delivery of state services. The social divide, the bias of development aid, the weakness of the political elites, and the failure of electoral democracy have paved the way for the rise of anti-Western and anti-state Islamic fundamentalism, and for politico-religious and politico-ethnic entrepreneurs.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123415554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Toward a History of Ideas in the Sahel 走向萨赫勒地区的思想史
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.46
Felwine Sarr
{"title":"Toward a History of Ideas in the Sahel","authors":"Felwine Sarr","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.46","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is an attempt to sketch out a prolegomenon to a “history of thought” in the Sahel. It investigates key periods, historical figures, and a library of documents, while also addressing some of the methodological issues raised by the specific conditions and history of the Sahel. It proposes a cartography of the circuits and networks of transmission of knowledge that developed over the centuries in the region and facilitated the production of ideas. Mapping the production of ideas, the chapter explores historical processes, such as the spread of Islam, and modalities of expression to reveal common matrixes, modes of circulation, and exchanges, and uncover their dominant functions in the sociocultural and political dynamics of the Sahel.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124172822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Security Provision and Counterterrorism in the Sahel 萨赫勒地区的安全保障与反恐
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.28
Cristina Barrios
{"title":"Security Provision and Counterterrorism in the Sahel","authors":"Cristina Barrios","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the politics of security provision and counterterrorism in the Sahel, in light of the main security challenges facing the region: poverty and structural food insecurity, economic and social grievances, organized crime, protracted crisis derived from territorial and ethnic competition, and terrorism and violent radicalization. It emphasizes the concept of human security against the current background of international policies and academic analysis that favors realpolitik, and it focuses on the characteristics of the contemporary state in this part of Africa to explain both the security challenges and the provision of security. The fragility of institutions and the authoritarian trends observed in Sahelian states affect their capacity and legitimacy. The chapter discusses these two aspects in detail, hinting at paths for security sector reform both by the countries and by regional initiatives such as the G5 Sahel.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127560510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Agricultural Policies and Development in the Sahel 萨赫勒地区的农业政策与发展
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.19
R. Serra
{"title":"Agricultural Policies and Development in the Sahel","authors":"R. Serra","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"Few populations in the world are so dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods as much as those in the Sahel—and this remains the case, despite rapid urbanization and environmental change. Agricultural policies that help the agricultural sector become more sustainable, more productive, and more attractive to youth are widely regarded as an essential precondition for spurring rural development and improving food security and nutrition. The challenges are multiple though, and far beyond the technical, as the realm of agricultural sector interventions is characterized by opposing priorities, historical inertia due to colonial and postcolonial legacies, and powerful interest groups. The chapter illustrates the interplay between these complex factors with specific examples on the cotton, rice, and dairy sub-sectors in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal. It concludes with some reflections on the influence of donors, regional organizations, and security crises on the prospect for agricultural development and food security in the region.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133426643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Political Parties and Elite Resilience in Sahelian Politics 萨赫勒政治中的政党和精英复原力
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.25
Daniel J. Eizenga
{"title":"Political Parties and Elite Resilience in Sahelian Politics","authors":"Daniel J. Eizenga","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"All Sahelian political regimes had adopted multiparty elections by the 1990s, however, few of the subsequent elections led to peaceful political change or democratization. These newly adopted multiparty systems produced a variety of outcomes ranging from the continued rule of a given political party, to the fracturing of political parties, to military intervention, to near state collapse. This chapter offers a historical account of political parties within this context. It identifies the broad historical trends from independence until the multiparty elections, and presents a typology of political parties in the Sahel. It then presents an initial analysis of the thirty-five legislative elections that have taken place in these six countries since multiparty systems have been installed. The chapter finds that the Sahel may represent an ideal sub-region for comparative analysis for future research on political parties, party systems, political transitions, and regime trajectories in Sub-Saharan Africa.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128635289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Urbanization and The Dynamics of Change in the Sahel 萨赫勒地区的城市化和动态变化
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.41
F. Boyer, David Lessault
{"title":"Urbanization and The Dynamics of Change in the Sahel","authors":"F. Boyer, David Lessault","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.41","url":null,"abstract":"Since independence, Sahelian cities have been experiencing continuous and increasingly strong population growth, linked to migration and to an unfinished demographic transition. In contexts of rapid urbanization, facilities, infrastructure, and services (school, health, sanitation, etc.) are deficient, and a transfer of poverty from rural areas to cities takes place. Sahelian cities are also marked by the youthfulness of their populations, and an important area for research are the questions of what the city does to youth, and what youth does to the city. Knowledge of Sahelian cities remains fragmented. If the dynamics and challenges of capitals such as Dakar, Ouagadougou, or Bamako are fairly well known, those of N’Djamena, Niamey, or Nouakchott are less so. There are few studies of small and medium-sized cities, and these are in need of updating in the contemporary context of decentralization. This chapter surveys the state of knowledge of urbanization in the Sahel, and suggests directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127989824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Niger 尼日尔
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.6
L. Mueller
{"title":"Niger","authors":"L. Mueller","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"Niger remains one of the least studied countries in Africa, despite its fascinating history and striking need for solutions to political and economic challenges to development. This chapter outlines those challenges, places them in historical context, and assesses the possibilities for relief. Chronic dilemmas include extreme poverty and a fragile democracy that is frequently interrupted by military coups and authoritarian resurgence. Emerging problems include climate change, terrorism, and migration pressures. Nigerien citizens, having long avoided some of the social unrest of other African countries, are increasingly showing signs of discontent as more of them take to the streets in protest to express their frustrations with multifaceted concerns. The overriding theme of Nigerien society is precarious stability: Politics and economics could generally be much worse, but they could also be much better.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121842508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Democratic Struggle in the Sahel 萨赫勒地区的民主斗争
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.24
M. Bodian, L. Villalón
{"title":"The Democratic Struggle in the Sahel","authors":"M. Bodian, L. Villalón","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"The countries of the Sahel found themselves under intense domestic and international pressures to undertake political reforms in the name of democracy in the early 1990s, and indeed all of them launched efforts to do so. This chapter surveys the variations and the similarities in how the struggle to build and strengthen democratic institutions has played out in the Sahel. It examines some initial fundamental questions related to the nature of a democratic state that were raised by the transitions, before turning to a discussion of the core institutional debates that have defined the struggle. Subsequent sections discuss the political dynamics and the similarities and variations across countries in the institutions for organizing and administering elections and electoral systems; presidential term limits; the structure of legislatures; and the provisions for women’s representation.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121959959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Informal Economies of the Sahel 萨赫勒地区的非正式经济
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.18
F. Gueye, Ahmadou Aly Mbaye
{"title":"Informal Economies of the Sahel","authors":"F. Gueye, Ahmadou Aly Mbaye","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"Sahelian countries, while sharing many features of other Sub-Saharan African economies, face some unique economic challenges, which merit particular scrutiny, notably: a sizable demographic bulge, being landlocked, a lower income per head, and a higher poverty incidence. The picture is further darkened by critical governance weaknesses, political instability, and radical Islamist threats, which, as discussed in other chapters in this volume, have caused serious security challenges within, and across, national borders. All these factors have contributed to a downsizing of the formal business environment and an expansion of the informal sector. This chapter assesses the relative weights of the formal and informal sectors in Sahelian national economies, its growth dynamics, as well as employment and productivity patterns. It also examines the implications of the rise of the informal sector for institutions and governance, social inclusion, and stability.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131023888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Jihadist Insurgencies in the Sahel 萨赫勒地区的圣战叛乱
The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel Pub Date : 2021-10-15 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.33
Ibrahim Yahaya Ibrahim
{"title":"Jihadist Insurgencies in the Sahel","authors":"Ibrahim Yahaya Ibrahim","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, jihadist violence has expanded and intensified throughout the Sahel region. Jihadi groups, including Boko Haram, Islamic State West Africa Province, Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), Katiba Macina, and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), have established strongholds in many places in the central Sahel, as well as in and around the Lake Chad Basin. As they strengthen their presence, Sahelian jihadists have introduced new changes in local social relations and practices, experimented with new forms of governance, and attempted to insert themselves into the local political economy. Yet, as they gain ground and conquer new spaces, their governance model has also shown its limits: their presence has increasingly fueled deadly communal violence, and infighting among jihadi groups has become recurrent and deadly. This chapter analyses the factors and dynamics behind this surge of jihadi violence in the Sahel. It attempts to situate the global jihadi discourse within the spectrum of Islamic ideologies and discourses and elaborates on the dynamics, both at the state and local levels, that have favored the emergence of jihadi groups.","PeriodicalId":209487,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128612920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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