Quality assurance最新文献

{"title":"Lessons learned in preparing method 29 filters for compliance testing audits.","authors":"R. F. Martz, J. McCartney, J. Bursey, C. Riley","doi":"10.1080/10529410052852312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10529410052852312","url":null,"abstract":"Companies conducting compliance testing are required to analyze audit samples at the time they collect and analyze the stack samples if audit samples are available. Eastern Research Group (ERG) provides technical support to the EPA's Emission Measurements Center's Stationary Source Audit Program (SSAP) for developing, preparing, and distributing performance evaluation samples and audit materials. These audit samples are requested via the regulatory Agency and include spiked audit materials for EPA Method 29-Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources, as well as other methods. To provide appropriate audit materials to federal, state, tribal, and local governments, as well as agencies performing environmental activities and conducting emission compliance tests, ERG has recently performed testing of blank filter materials and preparation of spiked filters for EPA Method 29. For sampling stationary sources using an EPA Method 29 sampling train, the use of filters without organic binders containing less than 1.3 microg/in.2 of each of the metals to be measured is required. Risk Assessment testing imposes even stricter requirements for clean filter background levels. Three vendor sources of quartz fiber filters were evaluated for background contamination to ensure that audit samples would be prepared using filters with the lowest metal background levels. A procedure was developed to test new filters, and a cleaning procedure was evaluated to see if a greater level of cleanliness could be achieved using an acid rinse with new filters. Background levels for filters supplied by different vendors and within lots of filters from the same vendor showed a wide variation, confirmed through contact with several analytical laboratories that frequently perform EPA Method 29 analyses. It has been necessary to repeat more than one compliance test because of suspect metals background contamination levels. An acid cleaning step produced improvement in contamination level, but the difference was not significant for most of the Method 29 target metals. As a result of our studies, we conclude: Filters for Method 29 testing should be purchased in lots as large as possible. Testing firms should pre-screen new boxes and/or new lots of filters used for Method 29 testing. Random analysis of three filters (top, middle, bottom of the box) from a new box of vendor filters before allowing them to be used in field tests is a prudent approach. A box of filters from a given vendor should be screened, and filters from this screened box should be used both for testing and as field blanks in each test scenario to provide the level of quality assurance required for stationary source testing.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87851870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raising the curtain on the gray region.","authors":"C. J. Kirchmer, S. Lombard","doi":"10.1080/10529410052852402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10529410052852402","url":null,"abstract":"The gray region in EPA Document QA/G-4 is defined as the range of possible parameter values near the action level where the cost of determining that the alternative condition is true outweighs the expected consequences of a decision error. The gray region is also described as a range of true parameter values within the alternative condition near the action level where it is \"too close to call.\" EPA Document QA/G-4HW states that during the planning stage the action level is based on an ideal decision rule, while during the assessment stage an operational decision rule is used. This paper analyzes the factors that define the gray region and the action level, including the errors of the first kind (a) and second kind (beta) and the number of samples taken to determine the mean result. The relationship between the Decision Performance Curve presented in EPA QA/G-4 and the statistical power curve is also discussed. The statistically derived critical level is identified as the concentration of importance for decision-making. The action level is defined in terms of the critical level so that its value is consistent for decisions made during both planning (a priori decisions) and assessment (a posteriori decisions).","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84346155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iso 19011:2002--a combined auditing standard for quality and environmental management systems.","authors":"G. Johnson","doi":"10.1080/10529410052852295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10529410052852295","url":null,"abstract":"In a precedent-setting decision in 1998, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) directed ISO Technical Committee (TC) 176 on Quality Management and ISO TC 207 on Environmental Management to develop jointly a single guideline standard for auditing quality and environmental management systems. When approved, this standard would replace ISO 10011-1, ISO 10011-2, and ISO 10011-3 on quality auditing and ISO 14010, ISO 14011, and ISO 14012 on environmental auditing. A Joint Working Group (JWG) was established comprising experts from both TC 176 and TC 207 to develop the new standard, ISO 19011, Guidelines on Quality and/or Environmental Management Systems Auditing, and to incorporate lessons learned from efforts to improve compatibility between ISO 9001/9004 and ISO 14001/14004, the standards for quality and environmental management systems, respectively. Work is proceeding on the development of ISO 19011 with an expected completion in early 2002.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85834138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using field data analysis for environmental decision making and subsequent remediation at two example sites.","authors":"L. Splichal, G. DeLullo","doi":"10.1080/10529410052852376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10529410052852376","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major challenges in remediating contaminated sites is having quick access to quality data on which to base remedial decisions as onsite work progresses. Case studies are presented at two Superfund sites where field screening and field analyses are used to provide these data. Emphasis is placed on the importance of high quality field data, as these data are the basis for remedial decisions prior to receipt of offsite laboratory confirmation. The decision-making processes for remediating contaminated soils and structures are presented in addition to project specifics including data quality objectives, field data collection procedures, quality assurance/quality control procedures, and comparisons of the field data with offsite laboratory results.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89899647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the quality of data used in environmental economics research.","authors":"C. Ogg","doi":"10.1080/10529410052852321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10529410052852321","url":null,"abstract":"Valuing environmental goods through contingent valuation and through other survey techniques is difficult because of the lack of traditional markets for those goods. EPA provides leadership in overcoming these challenges, using focus groups, workshops, handbooks, and teams of distinguished economists to obtain more reliable economic data from the surveys. Agency economists have provided leadership in employing production economics tools to identify win-win approaches to solve pervasive and neglected environmental problems. In addition, we exploit the speed of sophisticated computers, building field runoff models into economic models and aggregating results from tens of thousands of field sites. These very flexible models provide much more credible, site-specific analyses than previous models, and they offer flexible and efficient remedies to support Total Maximum Daily Loads and other new programs.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87976488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hoshin Kanri: a technique for strategic quality management.","authors":"Charles Tennant, Paul Roberts","doi":"10.1080/105294100317173862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/105294100317173862","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a technique for Strategic Quality Management (SQM), known as Hoshin Kanri, which has been operated as a management system in many Japanese companies since the 1960s. It represents a core aspect of Japanese companies' management systems, and is stated as: the means by which the overall control system and Total Quality Management (TQM) are deployed. Hoshin Kanri is not particularly unique in its concept of establishing and tracking individual goals and objectives, but the manner in which the objectives and the means to achieve them are developed and deployed is. The problem with applying the concept of Strategic Quality Management (SQM) using Hoshin Kanri, is that it can tend to challenge the traditional authoritarian strategic planning models, which have become the paradigms of modern business. Yet Hoshin Kanri provides an appropriate tool for declaration of the strategic vision for the business while integrating goals and targets in a single holistic model. There have been various adaptations of Hoshin Kanri to align the technique to Western thinking and management approaches, yet outside Japan its significance has gone largely unreported. It is proposed that Hoshin Kanri is an effective methodology for SQM, which has a number of benefits over the more conventional planning techniques. The benefits of Hoshin Kanri as a tool for Strategic Quality Management (SQM) compared to conventional planning systems include: integration of strategic objectives with tactical daily management, the application of the plan-do-check-act cycle to business process management, parallel planning and execution methodology, company wide approach, improvements in communication, increased consensus and buy-in to goal setting, and cross-functional-management integration.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85496489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating OHS, environmental, and quality management standards.","authors":"C. Winder","doi":"10.1080/105294100317173880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/105294100317173880","url":null,"abstract":"A number of ideas, concepts and systems have emerged over the past 50 years, attempting to offer insights into improving the effectiveness of contemporary management. Many of these have become part of the management landscape. With the continuing publication of standards for (among others) quality, environment and safety management of Integrated Management Systems (IMS) offers efficiencies in management processes that are intuitively logical but on occasion, frustratingly illusive. The development of an IMS is sometimes carried out for the wrong reasons, and often with unforeseen consequences. The establishment of an IMS should not be taken lightly and should include lengthy design, considered consultation, flexible redesign, and staged implementation. However, once in place, an IMS offers the potential of a unifying approach for dealing with management systems.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83754599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A practical methodology for analysing and improving the measurement system.","authors":"G. Knowles, J. Antony, G. Vickers","doi":"10.1080/105294100317173853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/105294100317173853","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement systems are used widely in manufacturing organisations in order to make many important decisions. These decisions range from the acceptability of a given product against tolerance requirements to the level of statistical control of a process or its capability to consistently perform a given task. In most situations, however, little thought is given to the quality of the data generated by such measurement processes. By using potentially flawed data in making fundamental manufacturing decisions, organisations undermine the quality of the decision-making process itself. This paper reviews the approaches presently available from both a technical and a practical point of view, based on the priorities of process improvement practitioners. The conclusion of the paper is that the Evaluation of the Measurement Process proposed by Wheeler and Lyday offers the best balance of accuracy and utility.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88725063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generating high quality impervious cover data.","authors":"Sandra L. Bird, Linda R. Exum, Stephen W. Alberty","doi":"10.1080/105294100317173871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/105294100317173871","url":null,"abstract":"Nonpoint source pollution (NPS) from urban or suburban areas is rapidly increasing as the population increases in the United States. Research in recent years has consistently shown a strong relationship between the percentage of impervious cover in a drainage basin and the health of the receiving stream. In this paper, we quantify the amount of impervious cover within 56 14-digit hydrologic unit codes (HUCs) in Frederick County, Maryland, USA. This test data set will help in the development of region-wide impervious cover estimation methodologies. The software, sampling and analysis systems were developed to yield accurate and reproducible results. Digital orthophoto quarter quadrangles (DOQQ) from the U.S. Geological Survey were chosen as the basic media for the analysis. Ground features were identified and categorized by human analysts with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) software and a prototype \"cover tool\" extension.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74213485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to the implementation of management systems: lessons from the past.","authors":"D. Gardner","doi":"10.1080/105294100753209147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/105294100753209147","url":null,"abstract":"There is a substantial body of evidence, both empirical and anecdotal, concerning factors associated with the success and failure of management systems. Given the increasing interest in management systems for occupational health and safety, quality, and the environment, it is worth looking at some of these factors in order to learn from them and plan for the future. One of the most comprehensive sources of information about factors that can make a management system succeed or fail lies in the material written about systems that improve the quality of products and services. Such systems were extremely widespread during the 1970s and 1980s but are now much less often cited or studied by Australian organisations. One of the reasons underlying the present relative lack of emphasis is that such programs, both here and overseas, experienced a failure rate of between 85% and 95%. While it may seem unlikely that occupational health and safety (OHS) and environmental management systems will experience similar failure rates, it is still worthwhile to look at what went wrong with other systems and to learn from these experiences.","PeriodicalId":20856,"journal":{"name":"Quality assurance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87236576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}