{"title":"Minimization of Power Loss and Voltage Deviation by Using Solar Distributed Generation","authors":"Muath O. Alomani, Nawaf A. Alqunayibit","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200499","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the integration of solar distributed generation (SDG) with distribution networks to reduce the active power loss and the voltage deviation as well. In order to solve the distribution networks a backward/forward sweep (BFS) load flow method is adopted using MATLAB coding. The optimal placement and size of the solar distributed generator is determined by using a repeated load flow method (RLF) over the system buses for the minimization of active power loss and the voltage deviation of the network. In the first mode, the SDG supplies only active power to the distribution network, such as photovoltaic (PV) source. In the second mode, the SDG supplies both active and reactive power such as inverter-controlled PV systems. The adopted method is applied to the 33-bus distribution networks. Also, loss sensitivity factors (LSF) has been used in order to select the most affective bus for the SDG P-type to be connected across it to reduce the power loss. Furthermore, based on loss sensitivity factors (LSF) the second SDG P-type will be allocated to support the same purpose as well. Also, the voltage deviation (VD) will be calculated before and after allocating the optimal SDG PQ-type to show its impact. From the obtained results, it is found that adding the SDG minimizes the total losses, the voltage deviation and improves the voltage profile of distribution networks.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121748491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Information Security Model for an IoT-enabled Smart Grid in the Saudi energy sector","authors":"Abeer Akkad, G. Wills, A. Rezazadeh","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200572","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of an Internet of Things-enabled Smart Grid affords better automation, communication, monitoring, and control of electricity consumption. It is now essential to supply and transmit the data required, to achieve better sensing, more accurate control, wider information communication and sharing, and more rational decision-making. However, the rapid growth in connected entities, accompanied by the increased demand for electricity, has resulted in several challenges to be addressed. One of these is securing the energy information exchange proactively, before an incident occurs. It is argued that Smart Grid systems were designed without any regard for security, which is considered a serious omission, especially for data security, energy information exchange, and the privacy of both the consumers and utility companies. This research is motivated by the gap identified in the requirements and controls for maintaining cybersecurity in the bi-directional data flow within the IoT-enabled Smart Grid. The Threat Modelling identified 9 internet-based threats. This research develops and confirms a security model which includes 45 relevant security controls and 7 security requirements on 7 access points. For future work, the confirmed model will be verified and validated using formal modelling methods.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121069873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temperature Effect on Performance Parameters of Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Batteries: An Experimental Study for off-grid system","authors":"Khalid. R. Alshabib, Tolga Tural","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10199474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10199474","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical batteries are being used in various applications including UPS back-up systems, grid stability, off grid power supply. The life of battery depends on selected chemistry, charge/discharge cycles, rates (C-rate), depth of discharge (DOD) and operating temperature [1]. In this paper, the life expectancy of valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery used for off grid power supply application is studied operating at different temperature environment. The result shows operating VRLA batteries at 25°C with required additional cooling demand has minor impact on battery charge and discharge cycles with significant improvement of the life cycle compared to operating the battery at 32 °C","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125534511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Firm Capacity and Forced Outage Rate Assumptions of Renewables Impact Capacity Expansion Model Results","authors":"A. Elshurafa, Marie Petitet, F. Felder","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10199184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10199184","url":null,"abstract":"We assess how varying the firm capacity (FC) and forced outage rate (FOR) assumptions of renewable energy (RE) resources impact capacity expansion models (CEM). Eight scenarios that vary the FC and FOR, RE share targets, and annual RE uptake were run on a power system model of Saudi Arabia. Assuming a relatively high FC and relatively low FOR favors renewables (i.e., Optimistic-RE), while the opposite disfavors them (i.e., Pessimistic-RE). Compared with optimistic RE assumptions, the pessimistic RE assumptions result in significant increases reaching up to 11%, 17%, and 41% in costs, emissions, and battery storage deployment, respectively. However, no observable patterns were found in terms of resource adequacy. Quantifying the extent to which FC and FOR of RE technologies, which are considered heavily weather-dependent, impact investments in the power sector provides valuable insights for policymakers as the world moves forward more aggressively with RE deployment to reduce emissions and combat climate change.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122609220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Online Partial Discharge Monitoring to Predict Arc Faults in Medium Voltage Bus Ducts","authors":"G. Hashmi, A. Patel, R. A. Almisfer, M. Zahrani","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10199511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10199511","url":null,"abstract":"Medium Voltage (MV) bus ducts use a nonuniform insulation system that relies on air and solid materials to achieve the required dielectric strength. The insulation defects commonly generate Partial Discharges (PDs) under nominal operating voltages, which eventually result in bus duct insulation deterioration and catastrophic failures due to arc faults. In this paper, online PD measurements conducted for 13.8kV bus ducts installed at an offshore substation are discussed. The PD measurements were performed using a portable monitor with an ultrasonic contact sensor. The measurement analysis was performed using established criteria based on best in-class industry practices and hands-on experience gained during several tests to assess the condition of HV equipment insulation systems. The measurement analysis concluded the presence of unacceptable PDs as per the industry practice acceptable limits. The bus ducts’ insulation faults were detected and accurately localized after analyzing several PD test results from different measurement points based on the amplitude comparison method. Further investigation revealed, the immediate cause of the PD was surface or tracking discharges due to moisture and dust accumulation in the air gap around the cushion insulating material placed between the bus ducts and the insulator supports. The deteriorated bus duct cushion material was replaced with new one. The PD measurements were repeated, and found at an acceptable level, confirming the integrity of the bus ducts’ fixed sections. In conclusion, the predictive maintenance of the bus ducts can be achieved on the basis of online PD monitoring, which is an effective, nondestructive, and noninvasive diagnostic tool to help detect and localize insulation defects. Thus prompt fixes can be planned accordingly to reduce equipment damage, flashovers, and personnel injuries, while enhancing the safety and reliability of the power systems in the future smart grid environment.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126429298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic & Environmental Merits of a Flexible Base-Load Power Network Under Large Solar PV Penetration","authors":"B. Alqahtani","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the potential economic & environmental benefits from improving the operational flexibility of large base-load nuclear power plants that supply major portion of the electricity loads in the United States. It examines the maximum allowable penetration level of solar Photovoltaic (PV) under flexible and inflexible nuclear power plants operations (NPPs) scenarios and estimates the expected total cost and emissions of the system.Simulation results revealed that the maximum share of solar PV which can be integrated into the power networks under inflexible NPPs scenario is only 8.9% of the total system’s electricity generation. This limit is increased by 39% to 12.4% by having more flexible NPPs operations. The results also suggest that the maximum solar PV penetration level under inflexible NPPs scenario would reduce the system’s operational costs and CO2 emissions by 6.2% and 17%, respectively while flexible NPPs scenario would result in reductions of 9.1% and 25% in the system’s costs and CO2 emissions, respectively.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128161502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reema Alghamdi, Sarah Alsowayeh, Hind Almahri, Hana Alaamri
{"title":"Automated Cleaning System for Solar Panels","authors":"Reema Alghamdi, Sarah Alsowayeh, Hind Almahri, Hana Alaamri","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10201028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10201028","url":null,"abstract":"Energy diversification is primary goal of 2030 vision, especially the utilization of renewable energy resources considering the location of Saudi Arabia that acquires a huge potential for solar energy with approximate solar radiation of 2,200 thermal kWh of solar radiation per m2. Studies showed that dust accumulation drops PV panels efficiency by 13%, as the dust accumulates on PV panels surface area. To ensure a maximum efficiency considering remote areas, this smart automated system is tracking solar panels performance by observing the output current and voltage, as it's monitoring the weather condition which includes the sun radiation and temperature. The methodology of this system is to detect dust is through a calculated reference from the output current and voltage of the solar panels to execute the cleaning process through hard coded device with X–Y coordinates movement and rotating brushes. As results, the system would increase the overall solar panels efficiency by 10%, as it will ensure the safety of PV system facilities by continuously monitoring the performance to avoid any over voltage and short circuits.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133799993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimal Power Flow Application On Load Increase, Contingency Constraint And Wind Integration Considering Uncertainty Of Wind","authors":"Mohammad Albahlal, Abdulaziz Alshalawi","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200178","url":null,"abstract":"Power systems experience many changing and challenging conditions, such as load increases and capacities losses (contingences). This paper will experiment the IEEE 14 bus system behavior under load increase, N-1 contingency and wind penetrations. The optimization method used is the Differential evolution algorithm, and the power flow techniques are Fast-Decoubled and Gauss-Seidel.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115848895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Renewable Power Smoothing of a Hybrid System Utilizing Fuzzy Based Control of Battery Energy Storage","authors":"Sarah Abuouf, Muneera Alsaadoun, Mohammad Khalid","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200657","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the fluctuating and intermittency characteristic of speed of wind and irradiation of solar, a hybrid system’s output power consisting of wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) fluctuates. These changes degrade power quality, causing oscillations in grid voltage and frequency. Integrating battery energy storage systems with wind and PV systems is one technique for mitigating these issues. By smoothing the fluctuating output power, this hybrid system could provide a flexible energy management solution. This research presents a fuzzy logic control (FLC) strategy aimed at smoothing the fluctuating output power by constantly altering the battery’s state of charge and the wind turbine’s blade pitch angle. The method was tested for different battery initial charge states, showing that the proposed method significantly reduced power fluctuations. Therefore, it indirectly improves the quality of the output power from the unsteady wind and solar sources.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126740118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. El Halabi, S. Al Ghamdi, I. AlJudaibi, Q. Huwait
{"title":"Variable shunt reactors control scheme for interconnected offshore facilities","authors":"N. El Halabi, S. Al Ghamdi, I. AlJudaibi, Q. Huwait","doi":"10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASG57022.2022.10200423","url":null,"abstract":"A control scheme and power management system is proposed for the reactive power management of offshore facilities that combines lengthy submarine cables and variable shunt reactors (VSR). The subject control scheme introduces a new set of operational constraints derived from investigated resonant frequency and transient switching scenarios when operating VSR. These additional constraints are combined with the conventional steady-state load flow constraints to resolve the given objective function and voltage regulation. The proposed control scheme was integrated into the PSCAD/EMTDC model of a planned O&G project in the Saudi Arabian Gulf. This project consists of interconnected offshore platforms at 230kV voltage level, with more than 500km of submarine cable and total of 1480Mvar of distributed VSR capacity. Simulation results reflect effectiveness of the method by reducing power quality and switching transient concerns in addition of having improved control of voltage and lower cable power losses.","PeriodicalId":206589,"journal":{"name":"2022 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126399395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}