Raven: A Journal of Vexillology最新文献

{"title":"Confronting Tradition and Whim: The Design of United States Civic Flags","authors":"J. Purcell","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN200181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN200181","url":null,"abstract":"Vexillologists whose particular area of interest is American civic flags cannot help but feel a sense of dismay at times when they survey the field. As Dr. Whitney Smith points out in his perceptive article, “American Perspectives in Heraldry and Vexillology,” the vexillologist’s function is to maintain an objective point of view, observing, researching, recording; and the issue of whether the flag with which one is confronted is well designed or poorly done is more properly the purview of the vexillographer. The fact is, as people dedicated to the study of flags, we cannot help but “wear both hats”, often simultaneously, although professional ethics mostly prevent us from making any comment about a flag’s aesthetics. Of course, even in our vexillographic mode, we may well have a difference of opinion among ourselves as to whether a flag is attractive and effective; personal taste certainly enters into the picture. Nevertheless, we have, over the past several decades, come to agree for the most part about what constitutes a well designed flag. The characteristics of a pleasing design, among those set forth both by Steve Tyson in his article, “Tips on Flag and Banner Design”, and Henry Untermeyer in his monograph, “Don’t Litter or Letter Your City Flag”, seem to be simplicity, absence of lettering, a maximum of three colors (preferably bright), ease of recognition when flown, a shape that is consistent with","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"367 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127583948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flags Granted by the Canadian Heraldic Authority: An Analytical Profile","authors":"Auguste Vachon","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN200183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN200183","url":null,"abstract":"Upon examining the flags of the provinces and territories comprising Canada, one is struck by the repetition of familiar patterns. Ontario and Manitoba have both retained a red ensign with the provincial shield in the fly inspired by the Canadianised red ensigns used as the national flag from circa 1870 to 1965. The provincial or territorial shield is also present: on a monochrome field for Alberta, on a Canadian pale for the Northwest Territories, on a regular pale for the Yukon and spread over the entire field (a banner of the arms) for Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and British Columbia. Newfoundland flies what can be viewed as a reworked version of the union flag (jack), its former provincial flag, while Québec has chosen a version of the merchant marine flag of Royal France. Saskatchewan only has opted for a somewhat less conventional design: the provincial shield in canton of a field parted per fess with the provincial flower over all.","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126398820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Good Flag, Bad Flag, and the Great NAVA Flag Survey of 2001","authors":"Edward B. Kaye","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN200182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN200182","url":null,"abstract":"Vexillology—the study of flags, often overlaps with vexillography—the design of flags. It’s no wonder, since most of us who look at thousands of flags in the course of our study cannot help but form opinions about their design as well. The flag community accepts this shift from the descriptive to the prescriptive as long as the boundary is clear: those who document flags should accept all flags as meriting study without regard to their quality, while those who seek to create or improve flags should disclose that their agenda is not scholarly but activist.","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123784369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of the U.S. National Air Insignia: 1861–Present","authors":"J. Gámez","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN200075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN200075","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132470413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Signal and Commercial Flags of St. John’s, Newfoundland c. 1500–c. 1900","authors":"M. L. Messurier","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN200072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN200072","url":null,"abstract":"Flags are often called the “shorthand of history”. To the avid vexillologist, flags can be appreciated not only as the shorthand of that social science, but also of politics, geography, and economics (to name but a few). This point is well illustrated during the four centuries from c. 1500 to c. 1900 in and around the port city of St. John’s, Newfoundland. The signalling and commercial flags of the city began their history reflecting the needs of an early colonial settlement and culminated in turn by having an effect themselves upon the social-status consciousness of a late-Victorian city. The broad period of history that this paper takes into account will show the context of these flags in the life of St. John’s, and in doing so, the great importance and central role flags played in the affairs of men.","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130957148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"American Perspectives on Heraldry and Vexillology","authors":"Whitney Smith","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN199964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN199964","url":null,"abstract":"All sciences characteristically adhere to fundamental standards of scholarship which set the scientific community apart from other areas of society . Every scientist is presumed to be objective, thorough, scholarly , nd willing to alter his or her point of view—even in fundamental questions—should the facts under investigation require. Religion, in contrast, requires faith in the truth of certain beliefs; a political ideology likewise relies on the commitment to advance a particular cause in a spirit of partisanship; in the realm of esthetics, individuals may well have fundamental dif ferences of opinion which cannot be adjudged scientifically as right or wrong. Since 1929, International Congresses of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences have been held. But has heraldry indeed adhered to the fundamental principles of sci ence? It appears that important areas have been consistently neglected by heraldic scholarship. Analyzing why this may be so can only be hinted at, based on years of dealing with the points in question and without the rigorous documentation that a complete analysis requires. This essay must therefore be considered a preliminary statement for a work in progress—on the development of heraldry in the United States; the specific circumstances which have led to its diver gence from traditional European heraldic norms; the relationship between heraldry and flags in the United States; as well as the role which the study of both heraldry and vexillology have played in analyzing these characteristics. Coats of arms and flags are parts of a wider realm of graphic symbolism which characterizes the social and political or ganization of human societies around the world. Other forms of graphic symbols include seals, logos, medals, decorations, uniforms, and regalia. The focus here is exclusively on the use of seals and arms by states and other or ganized political entities (i.e., civic heraldry) and on flags. Important as family and individual arms have been historically , in the United States state symbolism always had primacy until the late 19th century when it was out ranked (but not displaced) by commercial symbols such as trademarks and logos. Even today personal heraldry is a very small part of social symbolism in the United States, so only a focus on state symbolism provides a realistic view to scholars seek ing to elucidate general principles of importance for American heraldry . Most who have studied of ficial symbols of the United States—the seals, coats of arms, and flags of the federal government and the governments of the American states, territories, counties, and municipalities—concede that these do not generally conform to traditional heraldic norms of design and, furthermore, that they exhibit","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123534404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Revolutionary Communist Party and Flag Burning During Its Forgotten Years, 1974–1989","authors":"R. Goldstein","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN199963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN199963","url":null,"abstract":"Origins of the Controversy Since 1989, the American political scene has been convulsed by repeated controversies concerning whether or not “desecrating” the American flag (generally defined as burning or otherwise physically damaging it) should be a criminal offense. The immediate background to these controversies is the 1989 Supreme Court ruling in Texas v. Johnson (subsequently reaffirmed and broadened by the Supreme Court’s 1990 ruling in U.S. v. Eichman), which held that physical flag desecration for the purpose of expressing a political viewpoint is protected under the First Amendment. Ever since these rulings, an organized movement led by the American Legion has sought to amend the Constitution to overrule the Supreme Court and authorize the outlawing of flag desecration. The proposed constitutional amendment was defeated in 1989 and again in 1990 (it received majority backing in both houses of Congress, but not the required two-thirds support required for an amendment). Subsequently it was revived and passed the House by well over the needed two-thirds vote in 1995 and 1997; the proposal failed by three votes in the Senate in 1995 and was never voted on in the Senate before the 105th Congress adjourned, due to crush of other legislative business in late 1998 and especially due to the eclipsing of virtually all other issues in that year by the Monica Lewinsky affair. Amendment backers reintroduced the proposal in early 1999, and as of mid-June were expected to succeed easily once more in the House and were within two votes of victory in the Senate. Since 49 state legislatures have already petitioned Congress to endorse a flag desecration amendment, should Congress pass such an amendment it would almost certainly be ratified by the required three-fourths (38) of the 50 state legislatures and become the firstever change in the First Amendment. The distant origins of the flag desecration controversy date back to the turn of the century, when, in response to pressure from union veterans’ organizations such as the Grand Army of the Republic and hereditary-patriotic organizations such as the Daughters of the American Revolution, the states began to outlaw flag desecration in response to their complaints that advertising, commercial, or otherwise unorthodox use of flags and flag imagery was demeaning the national symbol. Thus, an 1895 pamphlet issued by the proponents of the early movement to ban flag desecration","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123762306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliography of Congressional Acts and Presidential Executive Orders and Proclamations Relating to General Use of the United States Flag","authors":"Spain.","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN199853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN199853","url":null,"abstract":"Since its birth in the Continental Congress in 1777, the flag of the United States has been the subject of numerous acts of the Congress and President. On rare occa sions, such as the flag desecration case of United States v. Eichman , those acts have been reviewed by the Supreme Court. This bibliography attempts to identity, cite, and summarize the congressional acts and presidential executive orders and proclamations relating to the general use of the United States flag. Specific acts, such as annual presidential proclamations for Columbus Day, Flag Day, et cetera, are beyond the scope of this work, as are treaties and other international acts of the United States relating to the flag. The bibliogra phy incorporates the August 1998 reorganization of the Flag Code and other flagrelated laws in title 36 of the United States Code . While some acts may have been omitted due to the vagaries of the indexing process in available legal references, every effort has been made to make this bibli ography as accurate and complete as possible. Each item provides a full session-law citation so that scholars with access to a law library may find and study the primary source material at each step of its enactment. Whenever possible, a citation is given to the current text in the United States Code , i.e., (codified at 4 U.S.C. § 1), which is the most readily available source. Because of the exclusive reliance on legal material, the citations follow the for mat of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation , rather than The Chicago Manual of Style. A full explanation of the applicable Bluebookconventions is well beyond the scope of this work, but the following explanation of abbreviations should prove helpful:","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129096043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Yes, There’s a Reason I Salute the Flag”: Flag Use and the Civil Rights Movement","authors":"Rosalind Moss","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN199852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN199852","url":null,"abstract":"In 1959, segregationists carried U.S. flags and Arkansas state flags when they strode up the steps of the Arkansas state capitol to hear Governor Faubus encourage their protest against integration. But several months after this Little R ock march, during the sit-in actions in Greensboro, North Carolina, that launched a new phase of the civil rights movement, young white men waved Confederate battle flags while heckling black s t udents at Woolworth’ s","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121906791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trial by Jury in the Court of Public Opinion: Phoenix Reacts to Flag Art Exhibition Phoenix Art Museum, March 16 – June 16, 1996","authors":"Carita M. Culmer","doi":"10.5840/RAVEN199851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/RAVEN199851","url":null,"abstract":"Old Glory: The American Flag in Contemporary Art, is an 80-piece exhibit dis played in Phoenix, Arizona in 1996. It examines the use of the American flag as an image in contemporary art from the 1950s to the present. This exhibit documents a period of social upheaval in America, and it displays artists’ responses to major sociopolitical events. The flag, like the Bible, can be used by almost anyone to stand for almost anything, including political opinions, ideals, and even hatred. Phoenix is a conservative community in a conservative state, and the flag art show has generated more rhetoric than any other single cultural event in recent history. 1","PeriodicalId":205647,"journal":{"name":"Raven: A Journal of Vexillology","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114573840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}