Polymer Gels and NetworksPub Date : 1998-04-01Epub Date: 1998-10-05DOI: 10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00018-X
A. Kanapitsas , P. Pissis , L. Karabanova , L. Sergeeva , L. Apekis
{"title":"Broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy in interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane-copolymer of butyl methacrylate and dimethacrylate triethylene glycol","authors":"A. Kanapitsas , P. Pissis , L. Karabanova , L. Sergeeva , L. Apekis","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00018-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00018-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The electrical and dielectric properties of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on crosslinked polyurethane (PUR) and a copolymer of butyl methacrylate and dimethacrylate triethylene glycol were studied by means of broadband AC dielectric relaxation spectroscopy to obtain information on the morphology and phase separation in these IPNs. Three relaxation processes were observed: a secondary <em>β</em> relaxation due to the copolymer, the <em>α</em> relaxation due to the glass–rubber transition of the PUR phase and a conductivity current relaxation due to charge carriers trapped at the interfaces in the microheterogeneous samples. The <em>α</em> relaxation due to the glass–rubber transition of the copolymer is masked by conductivity effects and is revealed after a fitting treatment. The dipolar <em>α</em> and <em>β</em> mechanisms and the AC conductivity mechanism were studied in detail at several IPN compositions, by analysing the dielectric susceptibility data within the complex permittivity formalism, the modulus formalism and power law forms. For the copolymer network, the dielectric loss <em>ε</em>″(<em>ω</em>) shows a strong secondary <em>β</em> relaxation which becomes faster in the IPNs. The PUR network displays a relatively broad <em>α</em>-relaxation process which becomes slower in the IPNs. The energy and shape parameters of the response were determined for both mechanisms at several temperatures. From AC conductivity measurements we extracted information about the morphology and local structure of the IPNs. It is concluded that the IPNs studied are two-phase systems, but phase separation is incomplete in these materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 83-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00018-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82613555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Gels and NetworksPub Date : 1998-04-01Epub Date: 1998-10-05DOI: 10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00004-5
Henryk Galina , Jaromir B. Lechowicz
{"title":"Monte-Carlo modeling of degradation of polymer networks","authors":"Henryk Galina , Jaromir B. Lechowicz","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00004-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00004-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The degradation of polymer networks<span> was studied by using Monte-Carlo simulations. The graph-like, nearly regular network of three-functional units was first randomly generated and then degraded by splitting bonds at random. The effect of the substitution degree of units on the composition of the system, at various stages of degrdation, was of particular interest. The substitution effect was modified by changing elementary rate constants by which the bond between units of given substitution degree underwent scission. A rapid change of molecular parameters describing the system, such as the averages of polymerization degree<span>, gel content etc., was observed at a certain stage of network degradation. This gel–sol transition occurred at different extents of reaction depending on the values of elementary rate constants.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00004-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83744007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Gels and NetworksPub Date : 1998-02-01Epub Date: 1998-09-21DOI: 10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00002-1
M.D. Blanco , C. Gómez , O. Garcı́a , J.M. Teijón
{"title":"Ara-C release from poly(acrylamide-co-monomethyl itaconate) hydrogels: in vitro and in vivo studies","authors":"M.D. Blanco , C. Gómez , O. Garcı́a , J.M. Teijón","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00002-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00002-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Cytarabine (ara-C) release from copolymeric poly(acrylamide-co-monomethyl itaconate) (A/MMI) hydrogels was studied. Three different compositions of copolymers were studied, 90A/10MMI, 75A/25MMI and 60A/40MMI. The drug was trapped in gels by placing it in the polymerization feed mixture and discs loaded with 5–50</span> <span><span>mg of ara-C were obtained. Drug release kinetics were examined as a function of temperature and drug load. The diffusion kinetics followed Fick’s second law. The </span>diffusion coefficients for the release of ara-C were between 5.7×10</span><sup>-11</sup> and 9.6×10<sup>-11</sup> <!-->m<sup>2</sup> <!-->s<sup>-1</sup>. To determine the applicability of these copolymers, 75A/25MMI gel was subcutaneously implanted in rats and the drug plasma concentration was determined by HPLC. The ara-C plasma concentration is constant (range 11.2±1.1<!--> <!-->μg/ml–12.8±μg/ml) during the first stages (2–8<!--> <!-->h) and no drug was detected after 31<!--> <!-->h.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 57-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00002-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76879242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Gels and NetworksPub Date : 1998-02-01Epub Date: 1998-09-21DOI: 10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00012-9
Brian Amsden
{"title":"Solute diffusion in hydrogels.","authors":"Brian Amsden","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00012-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00012-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>A new expression which describes the retardation<span> of solutes within stiff-chained, swollen hydrogels was developed based on the idea that solute transport<span> is determined by the probability of the solute finding an opening between the polymer chains greater than the radius of the solute molecule. The retardation factor expression derived was tested against experimentally determined diffusivities of globular proteins released from protein-loaded calcium </span></span></span>alginate hydrogels, as well as from experimental and simulation data from the literature. The expression provided close agreement with the observed effects of polymer volume fraction, solute hydrodynamic radius, and polymer chain radius on solute diffusivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 13-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00012-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87134703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the intermolecular crosslinking of PVA chains in an aqueous solution by γ-ray irradiation","authors":"Benlian Wang , Makoto Kodama , Sukekuni Mukataka , Etsuo Kokufuta","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00003-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00003-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We studied how the polymer chains of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) are crosslinked in its O<sub>2</sub>-free aqueous solution by <em>γ</em>-rays. The static–dynamic laser light scattering method was employed for determining the molecular weight (<em>M</em><sub>w</sub>), hydrodynamic radius (<em>R</em><sub>h</sub><span>) and radius of gyration (</span><em>R</em><sub>g</sub>) for the original PVA (<em>M</em><sub>w</sub>=1.0×10<sup>5</sup>) and its radiation products. The <em>γ</em>-ray irradiation from Co<sup>60</sup><span> to the PVA solutions with different concentrations was performed at different dose levels. It was found that both molar mass and size (i.e., </span><em>R</em><sub>g</sub> and <em>R</em><sub>h</sub><span>) of the radiation products increased with a dose increase. The magnitude of these increases was enhanced by decreasing the polymer concentration (</span><em>C</em><sub>p</sub>). In particular, at <em>C</em><sub>p</sub><span><span>< the critical polymer concentration leading to microgel formation, very rapid increases in mass and size were observed even at a low dose level. In order to obtain more detailed information about the irradiation-induced crosslinking of PVA, we studied the dose dependence of the </span>molar concentration of intermolecular crosslinks in the system as a function of </span><em>C</em><sub>p</sub> using the dose curves of <em>M</em><sub>w</sub>. It became apparent that, regardless of <em>C</em><sub>p</sub>, the intermolecular crosslinking reactions were dominant in the initial stage of irradiation. The radiation yield of intermolecular crosslinking was found to increase linearly when increasing <em>C</em><sub>p</sub>, and at <em>C</em><sub>p</sub><span>> the overlap concentration it asymptotically approached a limiting value estimated from the dimerization of pentane-2,4-diol as a model compound of PVA.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 71-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(98)00003-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88150956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatial information on a polymer gel as studied by 1H-NMR imaging","authors":"Yoshio Hotta , Tomohiro Shibuya , Hidekazu Yasunaga , Hiromichi Kurosu , Isao Ando","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00011-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00011-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We have measured the spatial distribution of <sup>1</sup>H spin density and <sup>1</sup>H spin–spin relaxation time, <em>T</em><sub>2</sub><span>, of water molecules in a crosslinked poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) gel under an alternating current (AC) electric field by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance<span> imaging. The experimental results show that a cylindrical gel shrinks to a cylindrical shape at long elapsed time after the application of an AC electric field, and that the </span></span><sup>1</sup><span>H spin densities on both electrode sides of the gel are high and the mobilities are low. The translational behavior of water molecules in the gel during shrinkage processes under an AC electric field is discussed at the molecular level.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00011-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78389010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Gels and NetworksPub Date : 1998-02-01Epub Date: 1998-09-21DOI: 10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00020-8
Elena Yu. Kramarenko , Alexei R. Khokhlov
{"title":"Intranetwork phase separation in polyelectrolyte gels","authors":"Elena Yu. Kramarenko , Alexei R. Khokhlov","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00020-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00020-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We have investigated the swelling behavior<span> of polyelectrolyte gels in a low-molecular-weight solvent taking into account the possibility of intragel phase separation. We have shown that, as for the case of a neutral gel considered recently by Moerkerke </span></span><em>et al</em><span>., the coexistence of two phases differing by polymer concentration can also take place inside the polyelectrolyte gel if the amount of solvent is not enough to ensure its free swelling. The phase diagrams for polyelectrolyte gels with various degrees of ionization and with various degrees of stiffness of the gel subchains have been calculated. It has been shown that the region of stability of the two-phase gel increases significantly with increasing number of charges on the network chains and chain rigidity.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 45-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(97)00020-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89537738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Gels and NetworksPub Date : 1998-01-01Epub Date: 2002-09-24DOI: 10.1016/S0966-7822(99)00005-2
{"title":"Contents of volume 6","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(99)00005-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-7822(99)00005-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages I-IV"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(99)00005-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91990864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Gels and NetworksPub Date : 1997-04-01Epub Date: 1998-05-19DOI: 10.1016/S0966-7822(96)00038-X
Young-Jun Park, Hyun-Jae Ha, Jung-Hyun Kim
{"title":"Structural morphology developments in the interfacial phase of heterocoagulated composite particles: dynamic mechanical measurements","authors":"Young-Jun Park, Hyun-Jae Ha, Jung-Hyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/S0966-7822(96)00038-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0966-7822(96)00038-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dynamic mechanical properties of polymeric composites composed of poly (methyl methacrylate) continuous-phase and various inclusion types of heterocoagulated composite particles were investigated in order to relate them to the morphology of shell region of composite particles. Using the heterocoagulation process, large particles were encapsulated with various types of small particles: (1) conventional linear-type polymer particles; (2) crosslinked polymer particles; and (3) reactive polymer particles capable of forming crosslinked structure, whereby the interfacial properties of the composite become modified. These composite particles were subsequently annealed to form continuous shell regions and then mixed with matrix particles. It is shown that chain diffusion movement of the small particles having different chain characteristics influences the network formation at the interfacial shell region. The ability of maintaining interfacial domain structure depends on the degree of network formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20331,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Gels and Networks","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 153-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0966-7822(96)00038-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84887270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}