BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"The « Nappe des Corbières Orientales » (Eastern Pyrenees, France) revisited: role of pre-existing salt structures and importance of gravity gliding","authors":"Oriane Parizot, D. Frizon de Lamotte, Y. Missenard","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2023003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2023003","url":null,"abstract":"In the external zones of mountains belts, it is now recognize that tectonic inheritance and early salt activity (halokinesis) prefigure and localize posterior tectonic structures. Taking this heritage into account leads to reevaluate some mechanisms, classically invoked to explain the emplacement of fold-thrust structures. The Corbières region, in the eastern Pyrenees, is characterized by the presence of a large thrust-sheet: the so-called “Nappe des Corbières Orientales” (NCO) located along the Corbières Languedoc Transfer Zone (CLTZ), an oblique structure joining the Pyrenees and the Provence Chain. This study aims at reconsidering its mechanisms of emplacement by revisiting the geological evidence identified in the 1960s such as olistoliths and unconformities. Geological sections from the footwall of the NCO to the CLTZ show salt walls underlining the major faults array. Along these salt walls, two successive wedges (halokinetic sequences) initiated during Mesozoic rifting episodes (Middle-Late Jurassic and Albian-Cenomanian, respectively) grew. We suggest that the NCO was initiated on a salt wall, along the Cévennes Fault Zone, and then propagated NW-ward over a distance of a few kilometers, during the Pyrenean main phase (Middle-Late Eocene). However, the displacement of the NCO is 15 km much more than the 3km observed at Bugarach in a frontal position. To explain this extra-translation, we suggest that the gliding of the NCO is accentuated by two mechanisms: (1) the uplift of the CLTZ during the Oligocene and (2) the tilting (up to the horizontal) of the initial ramp acting as a rift shoulder during the Miocene extensional deformation. These hypotheses are finally placed in a historical perspective.","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130439537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature et Origine des Cuirasses ferrugineuses de la région de Khat Oummat Elbid, Inchiri, Mauritanie.","authors":"Rayane El Ghastalany, Yannick Branquet, Mohamed Abdoullah Bagga, Imad Khalil Taviche, Amina Wa fi k, Mohamed Ghnahalla, El Houssein, Abdeina","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2023002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2023002","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out in the Khatt Oummat Elbid (KOB) region which exposes ferruginous ducrists, We present new mineralogical, geochemical and structural data on the different KOB sequences allowing to classify the KOB ferriferous ducrists, our study shows the distribution of hematite in each level of the KOB ducrists, the state of the goethite, the presence or not of kaolinite. \u0000The chemical analysis of the main elements and the mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction make it possible to highlight certain specific characteristics of these ferruginous durcrists and to rule out other types of ferricretes known in the sub-region. It would also be necessary to combine the modified structural studies and the laboratory analyses in order to be able to propose, without ambiguity, a model of genesis of the KOB dusricrists. our results suggest an original mechanical and chemical allochthony which is not necessarily specific to ferruginous ducrists.\u0000","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127579920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parametric mechanical analysis of thin- versus thick-skin tectonics applied to the Jura belt","authors":"Typhaine Caër, B. Maillot, P. Leturmy, P. Souloumiac, C. Nussbaum","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2022022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022022","url":null,"abstract":"Field observations and seismic interpretations testify that the front of the Jura fold-and-thrust belt is still submitted to compressive deformation, but whether the basement is deforming (thick-skin) or not (thin-skin) remains an open question. We propose a mechanical point of view using the Kinematic approach of the Limit Analysis theory (KLA). We first draw cross-sections containing a major shallow décollement level in the triassic evaporites, including the Alps up to the topographic maximum and including the whole crust. \u0000We submit the cross-sections to a compressive force at their southern end, and the KLA determines the location and geometry of the incipient ruptures by optimisation of the associated compressive force, accounting for mechanical balance and the rock strength (Coulomb criterion). Five cross-sections span the whole Jura from west to East, allowing us to explore the lateral variations. From the analysis of five hundred simulations (one hundred for each cross section), varying the friction angles on the Triassic décollement and of the lower crust between 1 deg and 10 deg, we have identified five types of tectonics at the Jura front depending on the emergence of a basement thrust beyond the Jura front (type 1), at the Jura front (type 2) with simultaneous activation of the shallow décollement (type 3), or south of the Jura front (type 5), with activation of the shallow décollement at the Jura front (type 4). The analysis allows us to draw two conclusions. First, the transitions between the various tectonic styles occur abruptly upon continuous changes in the friction parameters, revealing a threshold behaviour that we interpret as an extension of the concept of wedge criticality in the Critical Coulomb Wedge theory: at criticality, several tectonic types may occur within a narrow, critical, range of parameter values. Second, the critical range evolves sytematically between cross-sections, in such a way that the front of the thick-skinned deformation \u0000crosses laterally the Jura belt. The two most western cross-section exhibit only thin skin or no tectonics at the Jura front (types 1, 4 and 5), the central one hosts all five styles, and the two Eastern ones show thick-skin solutions (1, 2, 3), for all values tested. We also show that a thick-skinned tectonic style can be accompanied by a simultaneous activation of the shallow triassic décollement (type 4), complicating the interpretation of apparent thin-skin field structures. Modifications of our cross-sections to explore the effect of a bumpy upper/lower crust interface, or of a major décollement at the upper/lower crust interface show the robustness of our conclusions. They only modify slightly the critical ranges at which the tectonic changes occur. These findings may serve as guides, or first order questions, for more sophisticated mechanical approaches including temperature and rate dependent rheologies and the three dimensions of space.","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114865023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of Variscan orogenic peridotites in the Pelvoux Massif (Western Alps, France)","authors":"J.-B. Jacob, E. Janots, C. Cordier, S. Guillot","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2022021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022021","url":null,"abstract":"Small bodies of mantle-derived peridotites and other ultramafic rocks are commonly found in exhumed lower crustal units of collisional orogens. They provide a direct record of the complex evolution of the upper mantle before and during an orogeny, and are therefore key markers of the geodynamic evolution of an orogen. We report here the discovery of such mantle-derived peridotites in high-grade Variscan lower crust exposed in the Pelvoux massif (External Western Alps), which occur as fragmented enclaves in migmatites. A wide petrographic diversity has been observed, from very fertile, garnet-bearing lherzolites, to more depleted spinel/chromite-bearing harzburgites. Thermobarometric calculations on a garnet lherzolite indicate an initial stage at 3.0 ± 0.5 GPa and 973 ± 50°C, followed by exhumation to 0.8-1.3 GPa and 800-850°C, while the harzburgites do not show any evidence of equilibration in the garnet field and sample shallower mantle (<2.0 GPa). Petrological observations, whole-rock geochemistry and in-situ mineral compositions suggest the peridotites have undergone a complex history prior to their incorporation in the lower crust during the Variscan Orogeny. They derive from refractory mantle domains, which have experienced variable degrees of melt depletion, and have then been extensively refertilized. Cryptic metasomatism is observed in all samples. It is characterized by an enrichment in fluid-mobile incompatible elements relative to immobile ones (LILE vs HFSE), leading to the development of pronounced negative anomalies Nb and Ta, and is presumably related to percolation of hydrous fluids in the mantle. In addition, strong enrichment in incompatible LREE relative to HREE is observed in some samples, commonly associated with modification of the modal composition (crystallization of phlogopite and/or pargasite with accessory chromite and apatite). This modal metasomatism is attributed to percolation by a K2O-P2O5-Cr2O3-rich silicate melt, which might be at the source of syn-collisional ultrapotassic magmas (durbachites) emplaced in the crust during the middle-upper Carboniferous. These geochemical characteristics are in line with whole-rock Nd isotopic compositions, which indicate enrichment of the mantle by a continental crust component, presumably related to Variscan subductions. This evolution is consistent with that of other Variscan peridotites in the eastern Alps (Ulten) and the Bohemian massif, where multiple metasomatic episodes related to melts or fluids released in Variscan subduction zones have been documented.","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125342088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis of Eocene Jahrom Formation (Shahrekord region, High Zagros, West Iran); A carbonate platform within the Neo-Tethys oceanic realm","authors":"Khadijeh Changaei, Seyed Ahmad Babazadeh, Borzou Asgari Pirbaloti, M. Arian, Dominique Cluzel","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2022016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Eocene Jahrom Formation in High Zagros was studied in Kuh-e-Soukhteh and North Gahrou sections (southwest of Shahrekord region, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari Province). This formation, composed of limestone, marl, and dolomitic limestone (dolostone), accumulated on a marine platform within the Neo-Tethys ocean realm. It yields a rich foraminiferal fauna, in which three larger benthic foraminiferal assemblage zones were identified. Two assemblage zones in the North Gahrou section were correlated to the Ypresian and Bartonian, and one assemblage zone is represented in the Kuh-e-Soukhteh section and assigned to the Bartonian. A discontinuity marked by a hiatus from Cuisian to Lutetian in the North Gahrou section was most probably due to a concealed fault. According to microscopic textures and distribution of benthic foraminifera and other components (peloids, intraclasts, etc.), a gentle depth gradient from the inner ramp to the proximal outer ramp representing small scattered reliefs (shoal) may be reconstructed.","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122451513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The geological-event reference system, a step towards geological data harmonization","authors":"B. Le Bayon, M. Padel, T. Baudin, F. Cagnard, B. Issautier, H. Tissoux, Caroline Prognon, A. Plunder, S. Grataloup, F. Lacquement, A. Hertout, Juliette Stephan-Perrey","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2022017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022017","url":null,"abstract":"The temporal dimension is an inherent component of geology. In this regard, traditional geological maps can represent a few geological events, yet they hardly account for the entire complex rock history whether sedimentary, crystalline or volcanic. Here, using the RGF research program (French Geological Reference platform) we propose a new methodology based on digital technology and the French historical collection of 50 000-scale geological maps. This innovative approach consists of describing, organizing and hierarchizing a series of geological events within a reference framework and linking it to GIS map geometries (polygons, faults, points). In this way, the complete history of geological features can be compiled and stored in digital maps, combining distinct geological events and properties. For a single event, all associated transformations can be represented on maps, facilitating the production of real “palaeo-geological\" maps that consider not only traditional sedimentary environments but also possible synchronous weathering, metamorphism, and volcanism. We discuss here an example of French Pyrenees orogenic history. The approach demonstrated here on geological maps can be used with other geological data media (boreholes, seismic reflection profiles, etc.) and thus facilitate a 3-to-4D scale, with a significant ability to address not only academic community needs, but also themes or issues related to applications required by politics, civil engineering, and society itself, to confront challenges such as natural and anthropic risk reduction and subsurface uses.","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129847749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of rift-related cover-basement decoupling revealed by brecciation processes in the eastern Pyrenees","authors":"Martin Motus, E. Nardin, F. Mouthereau, Y. Denèle","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2022013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022013","url":null,"abstract":"Breccias associated with tectonic, fluid and sedimentary evolution of rifted margins can provide information on a variety of processes reflecting the modes of extension. In this paper, we analyze the numerous breccias exposed in the Agly Massif that was part of the European rifted margin now inverted in the eastern Pyrenees. Using a combination of petrologic and sedimentologic analyses, field-based structural study, and multivariate analysis of clast shape and diversity, binding lithology and size, and breccia fabrics we distinguish 5 types of breccias reflecting depositional, tectonic, and salt-related processes. The integration of these processes in the tectonic history of the eastern Pyrenees confirms the attribution of these breccias to the Cretaceous rifting. We emphasize the major role played by the evaporitic Triassic particularly during the first stages of rifting as a major ductile decoupling level at the basement/cover interface. Salt tectonics and shearing assisted by the circulation of fluids are reflected by hydrofracturing at the base of the Mesozoic cover. As this weak mechanical layer is later extracted as extension increases, a brittle detachment system developed along the cover-basement interface to exhume of deep crust and mantle. The relationships between brecciation and Cretaceous extension in the Pyrenees argue for a hydrid mode of rifting during the formation of hyper-extended margins.","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124764632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successive phases of serpentinization recorded in the Sivas ophiolite (Turkey), from oceanic crust accretion to post-obduction alteration","authors":"D. Lévy, J. Callot, I. Moretti, M. Duttine, B. Dubreuil, P. De Parseval, O. Boudouma","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2022015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022015","url":null,"abstract":"The ophiolite of Sivas (Turkey) was studied in order to define the chronology of different alteration events related to a series of serpentinization and carbonation episodes. Six samples were investigated, representative of different types of ophicalcite (partially carbonated serpentinite). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to determine the bulk mineralogy and the bulk Fe3+/Fetot ratio, respectively. Electron microprobe and secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) analyses were also conducted to identify the chemical composition of different mineral phases in addition to the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of calcite. An initial, i.e. pre-obduction, phase of olivine and pyroxene serpentinization was followed by a brecciation event associated with precipitation of massive serpentine. This first alteration event occurred during exhumation of the peridotites to the ocean seafloor, followed by a carbonation event at temperatures in the range 35‒100°C. A low-temperature (~35°C) carbonation event occurred between 90 and 65 Ma. Finally, a reheating of the system likely occurred after the obduction at 55‒40 Ma, resulting in a carbonation episode followed by late serpentinization. Our study presents the first direct evidence of serpentinization after obduction. In that geological context, the hydrogen produced during the interpreted multiphase serpentinization may have been trapped by the salt deposits overlying the ophiolite but subsurface data will be necessary to define potential traps and reservoirs; further studies are also needed to determine whether the serpentinization process is still ongoing.","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123336702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hexavalent chromium mobility in a high amorphous phase Chromite Ore Processing Residue (COPR) in the perspective of a chromium remediation treatment","authors":"Arnaud Sanchez-Hachair, N. Henry, Valentin Bastien, Khadijetou Diakite, G. Carlier, G. Lefebvre, Céline Hébrard-Labit, A. Hofmann","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2022011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022011","url":null,"abstract":"The mineralogical and chemical composition of chromite ore processing residue (COPR) from a site in the north of France (Lille) was investigated. The mineralogical composition was obtained by X ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis. Geochemical characteristics were established based on elemental analysis, acid leaching, sequential extraction and a chemical equilibrium experiment. Remarkably, this COPR material is composed of 65 % amorphous, silica rich phases. Another noticeable result is the presence of about 11 % of quartz. Content in toxic Cr(VI) is about 4.9 g/kg, occuring in the solution phase or fixed in unstable crystalline cement phases. Literature data on most studied COPR materials allowed establishing a classification of the materials into high calcium/low silica, intermediate and low calcium/high silica categories. This calcium to silica relation is indicative of the quality of the original ore and the geochemical changes having occurred in a COPR deposit over time, compared with fresh COPR produced from pure ore. The Lille material belongs to the third category. The high silica content has influenced the phase associations and their stabilities and favours Cr(VI) mobility. Extraction of leachable Cr(VI) from COPR induces formation of a new chemical equilibrium in the material with a recharge in mobile chromium due to dissolution of cement phases. The rate of equilibration however is very slow. 400 days were needed for the high amorphous phase material in this study. Extraction of leachable Cr(VI) is not a suitable remediation method because it will not allow to withdraw the solid bound Cr(VI) from the material in a single treatment.","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116819348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifrequency electromagnetic method for the hydrogeophysical characterization of hard-rock aquifers: the case of the upstream watershed of White Bandama (northern Ivory Coast)","authors":"Moussa Ouedraogo, M. Pessel, V. Durand, A. Saintenoy, B. Kamagaté, I. Savane","doi":"10.1051/bsgf/2022009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022009","url":null,"abstract":"In West Africa, the drinking water supply relies on the hard-rock aquifers. In Ivory Coast, the population growth along with the climate changes make drinking water resources highly vulnerable. The White Bandama upstream watershed, northern Ivory Coast, is located on a hard-rock aquifer which geometry and potential water resources are not yet well characterized. Indeed, the heterogeneous subsurface in this region shows high variability in the hydraulic conductivity inducing difficulties in the hydrogeological exploration. The determination of the geometry and hydrodynamic properties of the aquifer are required for a sustainable management of this water resource and for a better choice of future well locations. \u0000This study presents a hydrogeophysical approach using the multifrequency electromagnetic device PROMIS®, as well as lithology logs and geological information of a 30 x 30 km zone in the north-western part of the White Bandama catchment. Our geophysical data are interpreted with 1D multi-layer models consistent with the discontinuities observed in lithology logs and the geology of the site. Results allow to precise the local thicknesses of the 3 main units of our study area down to 50 m, being from top to down, saprolite, a fissured-rock zone and the rock substratum. Between the saprolite and the fissured zone, the main aquifer unit constitutes the interesting target for productive water wells. Its thickness ranges from 15 to 30 m. A detailed knowledge of the local aquifer geometry constitutes the first and crucial step before going further into a complete hydrogeological study. \u0000","PeriodicalId":202681,"journal":{"name":"BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116314564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}