{"title":"Heracles and Dionysus","authors":"R. Stoneman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv3znwg5.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3znwg5.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how Alexander came to India with a determination to stamp on the alien land a character that he and his fellow Macedonians could recognize. In the next generation, the ethnographic approach of Megasthenes to his subject was determined in many ways by Alexander's vision of India. One notable example is his treatment of the most prominent “gods of India,” Heracles and Dionysus. Why was Alexander expecting to find these two gods there, and why did he attach such importance to them? The origin of their prominence lies in the role of both gods in Macedonian royal ideology, and hence in Alexander's mythologization of his expedition in heroic terms. That is why Megasthenes expected to find them in India.","PeriodicalId":202547,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Experience of India","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116744549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Question of Utopia","authors":"R. Stoneman","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691154039.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154039.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how some or all of the Greek writers, including Megasthenes, have used India as the location for a utopian fantasy of an ideal world. Ancient writers have a regular repertoire of utopian traits. (1) The natural world: mild climate; eternal spring; fruits grow without human effort [implying vegetarianism]; springs and rivers of wine, milk, honey, nectar, and soup. (2) Human characteristics: longevity; tall stature; enduring good health; piety; gods dwell among men; and justice. (3) Human way of life: community with the gods; community of women; absence of slavery; simplicity of life; and peacefulness. Almost all of these can be found attributed to India by one or more writers, though eternal spring seems to be an exception, and piety is attributed only to the Brahmans.","PeriodicalId":202547,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Experience of India","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126975623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bending the Bow","authors":"R. Stoneman","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691154039.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154039.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses Greek literature in India. The first Greek play ever performed on Indian soil may have been written by Alexander the Great. This was Agen, a satyr play performed on the banks of the river Hydaspes before Alexander's departure from India. The chapter also considers whether Greek drama became well enough known in India to have an impact on the development of indigenous Indian performance; and the influence of the Homeric poems on Indian poetry. It also argues that Greek ideas became associated with non-Brahmanical trends, especially Buddhism, and an attempt to impose the Brahmanical view of the world must surely turn its back on things Greek.","PeriodicalId":202547,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Experience of India","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126092404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Trojan Elephant","authors":"R. Stoneman","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691154039.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154039.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details events that occurred from 323 to 135 BCE. It shows that between the arrival of the Greeks and their departure, India became a literate culture. This does not mean that literacy was very widespread in society: it does not have to penetrate to every level to be an important technological innovation. Some Indians discovered that this new technology of the invaders was useful, and employed it for their own purposes. Not least, it represented the beginning of an Indian “coinage tradition.” The Bactrian kings issued a coinage resembling the Seleucid (though the artistic quality of the portraits on them is startlingly high, and Bactrian coins may be, in the opinion of many, the most beautiful coins ever produced). They are entirely Greek in conception.","PeriodicalId":202547,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Experience of India","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128395113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Apollonius of Tyana and Hellenistic Taxila","authors":"R. Stoneman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv3znwg5.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3znwg5.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the sage Apollonius, from the city of Tyana in south-eastern Asia Minor, who gained fame for his wisdom and his extensive travels in the first century CE. In the following century Philostratus wrote a fictionalized biography of the sage, but it is nearly impossible to determine where fact ends and fiction begins. According to this biography, Apollonius travelled to the Far East and had discussions with the Brahmans of Taxila. Apollonius outdoes Alexander by travelling as far as Ethiopia and western Spain: even Heracles had only spanned the world from east to west. His ambit is the entire Roman empire. Though presented as a second, “holy” Alexander by Philostratus, Apollonius is also important as a historical “witness” for Hellenistic Taxila. How we judge this importance depends on the assessment of the historicity of Philostratus' account.","PeriodicalId":202547,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Experience of India","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121955373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Culture and Society","authors":"D. Goswami","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv3znwg5.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3znwg5.14","url":null,"abstract":"In order to understand the social processes functioning in a society it is important to know the socio-cultural milieu of the society in which they are rooted. Thus to get the necessary insights of the Bodo distinctiveness, it is essential to have some acquaintance with the various dimensions of the Bodo society. This paper encapsulates the aspects like the ethnic background of the Bodos, their religious philosophy, economy, traditional institutions and their story of struggle since independence. Ethnic background The term Bodo means ‘man’. Kachari is a generic term for a number of groups speaking a more or less common dialect or language and claiming a common mythical ancestry.( E. Gait,1926:247) and others regarded the Kachari as aborigines, or the earliest known inhabitants of the Brahmaputra valley i.e, the whole of modern Assam, North Bengal and parts of Bangladesh. They ruled the whole of Assam up to the 12 century A.D. and moved to the western part of the Brahmaputra valley, North Cachar hills and the plains of Cachar in the 16 century A.D. to evade the Ahom onslaught. In the course of time they dispersed over a larger area, and some of their groups became isolated from others. The census of 1881 listed 12 subgroups of them, whereas (Endle 1911:5) counted fifteen of them. ( Grierson, 1927) identified nine communities as members of the Bodo speaking group. If we combine all the lists, we get a list of eighteen groups, e.g. Bodo, Dimasa, Lalung, Madani, Mech, Rabha, Saraniya, Hojai, Garo, Rajbanshi or Koch, Chutiya, Moran, Hajong, Tippera, Mahalia, Dhimal, Solaimiya, Phulgariya. A few tribes have become hinduised and no more do they identify themselves with Kacharis. The Bodo or cognate language speakers from Tripura , due to their long isolation from the parental stock have drifted apart, and have established their separate identity. Playfair observed some linguistic and cultural similarities between the Rabha and the Garo and stated that once the former were a matrilineal society like the latter. The other Kachari groups, who followed the rule of matriliny earlier, are the Lalung and Hajong. The Kachari are now represented by the Mech in Western Assam, the Bodo in central Assam , The Dimasa and Hojai in the North Cachar hills and the Sonowal and Thengal in the eastern part of the Brahmaputra valley. In the Cachar plains the Kachari are known as Barmans. As the Thengals are not schedule tribes , they have to be treated separately. The Dhimal, Mahalia, Solanimiya, and Phulgaria groups of the Kachari couldn’t be traced during 1991 census. (Singh,1994;431) It is well understood that the ethnic boundaries of various communities are not strictly fixed and as they are constantly subjected to the process of fission and fusion. (Burman, 1994:2 ) . Ethnicity is created and re-created when societies undergo socio-economic change and structural transformation .In the context of the Bodos it would seem that all the above tribes, though they have attain","PeriodicalId":202547,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Experience of India","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133426459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Indian Philosophers and the Greeks","authors":"R. Stoneman","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv3znwg5.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3znwg5.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the Greeks' interest in Indian philosophy. Philosophy in the Greek sense was a great deal more than is connoted by today's academic discipline, concerned as it is with definitions and meaning. Philosophy, “the love of wisdom,” was a guide to life, and could even be applied to the way of life that was informed by wisdom. That is what Pythagoras meant by what the Greeks in Alexander's entourage seem to have thought they found in the Indian philosophers they met. Onesicritus was the earliest witness. On arrival in Taxila, Alexander was intrigued by a group of naked ascetics he observed in a grove outside the city, practicing various yoga postures, and sent Onesicritus to interview them and find out something about them.","PeriodicalId":202547,"journal":{"name":"The Greek Experience of India","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116321384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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