{"title":"Consultation on the Draft South African National Infrastructure Plan: Comments on ICT Networks","authors":"E. Sutherland","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3927673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3927673","url":null,"abstract":"The government of South Africa has adopted a National Infrastructure Plan (NIP) with ambitious targets, including for telecommunications. This is only partly aligned with its adoption of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), the subject of a recent lengthy report. The telecommunications part of NIP set targets in terms of old technologies, while its implementation is already badly delayed. In particular it is a decade late in digital migration and much longer in releasing spectrum to mobile operators for 4G and 5G services. The problems lie with ministers, rather than the regulator. Consequently, the call to benchmark the regulator is misguided, what is needed is a review of the system, including ineffectual or outdated legislation. There is a lack of granular data on which to base public policy and regulatory action. Equally, given problems of corruption and state capture, there is a lack of transparency data of donations, gifts and meeting between business, ministers and officials.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129723487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"European Union in Central Asia during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Crisis Response and Future Recovery","authors":"Ana-Maria Anghelescu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3921654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3921654","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, the European Union presented a new Strategy for its cooperation with Central Asia, part of a larger reshuffling of the European strategic framework aimed at enhancing the global stance of the EU and at engaging in a more balanced way the partners in Central Asia. Romania is among the Eastern European countries with pragmatic interests in developing the cooperation with the region, especially in the fields of economy and energy. The Central Asian countries, although long-time recipients of development assistance for health sector, were severely impacted by the broad effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in domains such as health, education, social services, and economy. The aim of this policy brief is to contextualise the COVID-19 assistance provided by the European Union to Central Asia based on the new strategic framework of the inter-regional relations adopted in 2019. The paper recommends the strengthening of cooperation between the EU and other international donors, in order to improve effectiveness and avoid duplication of priorities. Additionally, the list of priorities should be flexible enough to allow for adaptation based on emerging needs, while mitigating the risk of being solely donor-driven. Finally, the EU should consolidate its common approach in foreign affairs, by engaging the Member States, especially Central and Eastern European ones, in leading sectoral platforms of dialogue and strengthening the role of the EU Special Representative for Central Asia.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115309662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Child Trafficking in Uganda","authors":"F. Offia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3719015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3719015","url":null,"abstract":"Children are trafficked within Uganda for purposes of sexual exploitation; labor exploitation in the agricultural, fishing, mining, hospitality, and domestic service sectors; and in some cases illegal organ harvesting; child sacrifice and conscription into armed militias. Child trafficking in Uganda is mostly internal, with children being trafficked from the poorer rural and underserved communities to larger cities such as Kampala for exploitation. The Policy Brief will map out Uganda’s anti-child trafficking mechanism, presenting Uganda’s existing legal and policy anti-trafficking frameworks. It further examines the implementation level of developed standards, highlighting good and weak practice.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"9 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126559493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How COVID-19 Affects Economic Performance in Developing Countries: The Case of Guatemala","authors":"Mario Arturo Ruiz Estrada","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3627148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3627148","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of COVID-19 on economic growth is substantial, but measuring such implications to get a sense of the intensity of its effects on economic performance is subject to a great deal of uncertainty. As such, this paper primarily attempts to close this gap by introducing the economics of the pandemics monitoring model (EPM-Model), a new economic model that could be used to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the Guatemalan economic performance. Hence, Guatemala was used to illustrate the applicability of the EPM-model from where analyses provide a coherent evaluation of the degree to which COVID-19 affects the Guatemala economic performance shortly.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124254488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding African States in International Relations: On Analytics of Sovereignty versus Elite Governmentality","authors":"C. Amo-Agyemang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3499278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3499278","url":null,"abstract":"The African state, unlike its European counterpart is often described as lacking the attributes sovereignty, hence it is variously described as a lame leviathan with limited agency in international affairs. By extension, its experiences such as the adoption of neoliberalism and it’s associated ‘conditionalites’ are said to be externally imposed with minimum input from the continent’s governing elites. This line of thinking presents African systems as passive, a-political and bereft of authentic interests in international affairs. The dominance of this perspective has resulted in a one-sided, limited account of African experiences which run much deeper than what the prevailing epistemological posture will make us believe. This paper seeks to go beyond the ensuing analytical limitations by unpacking the international experiences of African states from the stand point of its governing elites. Using the notion of governmentality, I argue that the latter are an autonomous constituency whose engagements are defined by commonalties of interests with their counterparts in the global arena. Hence the options they adopt are not merely crude impositions, but the result of negotiations and horse trading geared toward enhancing their agency.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122100928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Myth of the 'Latin American Decade'","authors":"J. Ocampo, Eduardo F. Bastian, Marcos Reis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3211962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3211962","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes Latin American performance over the period 2003-2014 with the purpose of evaluating two ideas: whether this period constituted so-called ‘golden years’ and whether the 2010s were likely to be a ‘Latin American decade’ This term was used several times by scholars, international organizations, and market experts, claiming that the region was finally on the right track after two decades of disappointing economic performance. However, the data shows that the claims were overoptimistic. We compare the region’s 2003-2014 performance with that in the 1980s and 1990s, evaluate how the region performed in the sub-periods 2003-2007 and 2008-2014, and compare the region’s 2003-2014 indicators with those of other selected developing regions during the same period. We show that the period in question was a ‘golden decade’ only when compared with the region’s own performance during the previous two decades, but not when compared with other developing regions. Moreover, we notice that the lack of structural change during this decade implies weak development performance for the region in the near future.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122826238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Modern Trend of Human Trafficking in Africa and the Role of the African Union (AU)","authors":"Chris Mensah-Ankrah, Rex Osei Sarpong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3105245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3105245","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the role of the African Union, (AU) in combatting human trafficking. The paper will utilize a mixed methodology to examine the response of AU on the effects of human trafficking in Africa, using both qualitative analysis and a case study of some African countries and their anti-trafficking mechanisms. This method has been selected to incorporate both a broad-reaching evaluation of mechanisms within the AU region directed at combating human trafficking and a detail-focused perspective of how these mechanisms have affected trafficking patterns throughout AU member states. To comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of AU in combating human trafficking in Africa, the qualitative analysis used in this paper is based on the various editions of US Department of State's Trafficking in Persons Reports. These reports evaluate both the realities of human trafficking within a nation as well as governmental and judicial response to trafficking issues.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126864993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Pacific Alliance in Search for a Financial Integration: So Close and Yet so Far","authors":"Manuel Monteagudo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3082799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3082799","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops an analysis of how macro-economic convergence among Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile has translated into a non-intentional institutional and constitutional similar order, in areas as important as fiscal and monetary stability. This current reality opens many possibilities for a deep financial integration and regulatory cooperation, which are aspects not sufficiently reflected in the Treaty and the additional Protocol. In fact, these instruments have followed the standard of previous Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) under the NAFTA model on financial services treatment, which does not fit adequately with the objective of creating a free trade zone based on the free movement of capital and financial services. An example of this reality is the timid development of mutual recognition of financial service authorizations in FTAs, contrasting the technical agenda of future developments in the Pacific Alliance. In that context, this paper offer some specific proposals for the peculiar institutional construction of the Pacific Alliance and regulatory cooperation (based on the soft law experience of partners and the levels of convergence already obtained) and to review eventual consistency problems between financial integration and other international commitments of partners.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128573511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Challenges of ASEAN-50 About Unity in Diversity","authors":"Trung Hieu Van","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3064464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3064464","url":null,"abstract":"At the 9th ASEAN Summit in Bali (Indonesia) in October in 2003, ASEAN leaders decided to build the ASEAN community by the year 2020 with three main pillars of the ASEAN security community (ASC), ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the community of ASEAN socio-culture ( ASCC). The general goal of the ASEAN community is putting the Association became \"a harmonious group, the peoples of Southeast Asia, the stick in a social community of mutual reassurance\". As well as any international organization and any other areas, right from the beginning, ASEAN was faced with many challenges, both in politics and security, both inside and outside. That holds true for the past 50 years. That holds true for the past 50 years and also remaining true to the long way ahead of ASEAN. Here we see again the reality and challenges of ASEAN community in the future.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125544399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Security Reform during Democratic Transitions: Experimental Evidence from Tunisia","authors":"N. Lotito","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3090059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3090059","url":null,"abstract":"The “Arab Spring” of 2010-2011 demonstrated that authoritarian collapse does not guarantee a transition to democracy. After revolutions, newly elected governments face a dilemma: they must rely on existing security institutions to restore order and stability, but they also must reform these potentially counterrevolutionary forces. In addition, these governments are now responsible to newly enfranchised populations. This paper offers a tradeoff hypothesis to explain the success or failure of transitional reforms, and points to elites’ framing of public debates as a primary factor leading public opinion, which either demands or neglects difficult reforms during moments of transition. The theory is tested with an original survey of Tunisian adults conducted in January 2017. An embedded vignette experiment asks respondents to adjudicate between investments in security sector reform versus economic or political reform, the exact types of tradeoffs countries face during the transition from authoritarian rule. An additional treatment tests whether citizens perceive a tradeoff between providing national security – i.e. against terrorist threats – and reforming the military to protect civil liberties, a question that has been debated since Tunisia’s 2011 uprising. I find that public opinion can be swayed by the framing of tradeoffs. Economic development is strongly preferred over other reforms. This finding has important implications for the success of both security sector reform and democratic consolidation.","PeriodicalId":201864,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Regional Governance eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125454888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}