AgriSciRN: Dairy (Sub-Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Dynamics of Interventionism and Economic Development in Quebec before 1854","authors":"Vincent J. Geloso","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3717700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3717700","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of interventionism argues that government interventions are inherently destabilizing which helps explain the growth of government. I argue that the theory of interventionism is also useful process of economic growth. At first, an intervention reduces living as a level change. However, because the intervention alters entrepreneurial incentives, there is a second effect that decelerates economic growth (Czeglédi 2014). Any additional intervention to deal with the distortions generated by initial interventions merely accentuates these two effects. Thus, the dynamics of interventionism entail a cumulative process of divergence. To illustrate my argument, I use the example of milling regulations in colonial Quebec. Directly, these regulations reduced the quantity and quality of milling services. However, indirectly, they altered long-run specialization patterns notably in dairy production. As dairy exports later boomed due to exogenous factors, this alteration eventually led to greater divergence.","PeriodicalId":201859,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Dairy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"7 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130528440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the Effect of Casein on the Quality Indicators of Ice Cream With Different Fat Content","authors":"G. Polishchuk, N. Breus, I. Shevchenko, V. Gnitsevych, T. Yudina, Galyna Nozhechkina-Yeroshenko, T. Semko","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.208954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.208954","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of casein on the quality of ice cream with different fat content was studied. According to functional and technological characteristics, micellar casein was selected for the enrichment of ice cream. Using mathematical modeling in the environment of the MathCad-15 package, the mass fraction of micellar casein in the composition of ice cream with a fat content of 0 to 15 % was optimized in order to obtain a high-quality product. At the first stage, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the response functions (overrun, melting resistance, organoleptic characteristics) for the varied fat and protein content. In the second stage, a comprehensive quality score of ice cream was used for modeling as a function of estimates of individual quality indicators, converted into scalable values using weights. The inverse relationship between the values of the optimal protein content and the fat content of ice cream was determined. To achieve the maximum technological effect, in the composition of ice cream with a fat content of 0‒5 %, 6‒10 % and 11‒15 %, the need for micellar casein is 6‒5 %, 4‒3 % and 2.5–1 %, respectively. According to the results of calculating the percentage of energy value introduced by total protein (more than 20 %), it was concluded that ice cream with a fat content of 0‒5 % with mass fractions of micellar casein of 6‒5 % and total protein of 9.7‒8.7 % can be attributed to the category of products with high protein content. Ice cream with a fat content of 10‒15 % with mass fractions of casein micellar of 3‒1 % and total protein of 6.7‒4.7 % can be attributed to a product with high protein content. The results of the study allow expanding the range of protein-containing ice cream to meet the needs of consumers of different groups.","PeriodicalId":201859,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Dairy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133533125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dairy Sector Development in Jalna District of Maharashtra: Current Status and Future Vision","authors":"D. Shah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3195718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3195718","url":null,"abstract":"The poor functioning of MPCS coupled with lack of attention given to dairy development activities have posed many threats to dairy sector of Jalna district, which may ultimately lead to reduction in milk production and supply. This calls for appropriate measures to be initiated to revitalize the dairy sector of Jalna district. It is to be noted that the per capita per day availability of milk in Jalna district is only 135 grams as against ICMR recommendation of 250 grams. The low per capita availability of milk will cause nutritional and health related problems among human beings belonging to Jalna district. Therefore, in order to raise milk production in the district of Jalna, there is a need to adopt multi- pronged strategy encompassing: establishment of milk processing units along with adequate number of chilling plants, increasing the strength of functional milk cooperative societies, revamping of defunct societies, procurement of milk on Fat and SNF basis, increase in number of milk routes, establishment of fodder distribution centres at the village level or establishment of more number of FDC per revenue circle, etc.","PeriodicalId":201859,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Dairy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114438312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear Pricing: Evidence of Price Discrimination in the Fluid Milk Market","authors":"Benjamin Wallace","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3156768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3156768","url":null,"abstract":"Firms may use nonlinear price schedules, possibly to the detriment of some consumers, to price discriminate and increase profits. However, it is possible that these nonlinear price schedules may also increase welfare from the consumer's perspective if they are able to serve portions of a market that firms may otherwise ignore. The more extensive theoretical literature on price discrimination shows how firms may use nonlinear price schedules to price discriminate by distorting product characteristics from their efficient levels given heterogeneous preferences among consumers. Additionally, the theoretical literature finds that whether or not this practice is welfare decreasing or increasing from the consumer's perspective depends on a number of factors, thus implying that the welfare implications of price discrimination from the consumer's perspective is an empirical question. Subsequently, some recent empirical papers have found this form of second-degree price discrimination to be welfare decreasing from the consumer's perspective whereas other papers, depending on the analyzed market, have found it to be welfare increasing. \u0000In this paper, I study the consumer welfare implications of nonlinear pricing in the market of fluid milk. Variation in the ratio between marginal price per ounce and marginal cost per ounce over the menu of options is evidence that firms are using nonlinear pricing schedules to price discriminate. Once this evidence is shown, I use counterfactual analysis to determine the welfare implications of this practice within the market for fluid milk from the consumer's perspective. I find that firms within this industry are using nonlinear pricing to price discriminate for private label products, of which conservative estimates show that approximately 7.20% of the markup differential between sizes can be explained by price discrimination. However, I find that very little of the markup on Regional branded products, approximately 0.32%, can be attributed to price discrimination. In my most compelling set of counterfactual analyses, I show that consumers are worse off due to price discrimination and my counterfactual analysis shows that households are on average anywhere between $0.0249 to $.0555 to worse off per shopping trip under a forced linear pricing, which corresponds to a total yearly welfare difference between $63 million to $140 million per year within my sample region due to the nonlinear pricing strategies used by firms in the marketplace. \u0000Additionally, I estimate and utilize models similar to the status quo in the literature on price discrimination thus far that do not have household demographic characteristics included and compare them my preferred specification which does, showing that ignoring the demographic makeup of the marketplace's individuals and actual consumer decisions leads to potentially biased parameter estimates.","PeriodicalId":201859,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Dairy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122808643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milk Production in India Rises by a Historic 6.25% I2014-15: A Boon or a Bane?","authors":"R. S, G. Naik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2803149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2803149","url":null,"abstract":"Milk production in India has risen by a historic 6.25% in 2014-15, reaching 146 million tonne. This increase is indeed a boon if it can be sustained as there is an urgent need to increase the growth rate in milk production, to meet the growing domestic market for milk and milk products and ensure that India remains self-sufficient in milk. However, this high incremental growth rate was limited to only three states while the largest milk producing state Uttar Pradesh showed a constant but below the national level of growth. Further, growth in population of adult female bovines seems to be tapering off with a very low increase in productivity per animal. Hence, this is a good time and opportunity to analyse the growth in milk production. We analyse the growth in terms of supply, demand and price of milk as well price and buffer stock of skim milk powder and its role in maintaining the price at consumer and farmer end. In the short-term, with no immediate market for the incremental quantity within or outside India, much of the incremental quantity is being processed and stored as skim milk powder and butter. This is causing financial strain on the milk purchasers forcing them to reduce their demand and price for fresh milk. As a result, this high growth may be only strengthening the oligopolic market power of milk processors and/or marketers the market structure gives them, over both consumers and milk producers. The constant increase in consumer price is also not expected to be transmitted to the producer, as in a perfectly competitive market. Therefore, this high rate of growth in milk production is boon in the long term helping India remain self-sufficient in milk. However, as the farm gate prices have not only reduced but also become highly volatile making dairy animal rearing high risk venture with uncertain, it is a bane in the short term.","PeriodicalId":201859,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Dairy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114159982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance-Based Pay and Other Incentive Schemes on Dairy Farms in Germany","authors":"Agnes Przewozny, V. Bitsch, K. Peters","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2851082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2851082","url":null,"abstract":"Performance-based pay is a common tool to improve workers' motivation and performance outcomes. It is frequently used in dairy farms with hired labor. This study investigates the effects of performance-based pay and other incentives for dairy farm workers on milk performance characteristics. In 2007, comprehensive face-to-face interviews with farmers were conducted by the author in 84 East German dairy farms. Herd performance data was compiled from records of milk performance testing of the same year. Data on different incentive schemes were analyzed regarding their relationship to 305-daymilk yield and Somatic Cell Count (SCC). Approaches to motivate farm workers through in kind, non-monetary incentives or by delegating responsibility to workers and emphasizing good communication were related to a higher milk yield than performance-based pay alone. The difference between means amounted to 1000 kg milk/305 days. We conclude that milk yield is not suitable to measure the work quality of employees, and therefore, not an appropriate criterion for incentive systems. Moreover, this criterion is potentially perceived as unfair by workers, and thus may have negative effects on worker motivation and farm outcomes.","PeriodicalId":201859,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Dairy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128591316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-K iTransactions","authors":"Siddharth Singh Durgavanshi, Benjamin D. Mazzotta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1923154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1923154","url":null,"abstract":"In 2010, Sub-K iTransactions, a business correspondent start-up, implemented a pilot project on dairy payments with village cooperatives of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation. The company sought to migrate cooperatives' payments to farmers, such as revenues from milk or net services provided -- like agricultural inputs and veterinary care -- from cash to an electronic payment platform, with a view to providing cash access points at convenient locations, promoting financial inclusion among farmers, and reducing the costs associated with cooperatives' cash payments. Sub-K's business correspondent network promised cooperatives enhanced value by lowering the risks and costs of cash: agent fees, transit and fraud risks, audit costs, and the cost of financing cash balances. Dairy farmers, on the other hand, would receive savings accounts with all the attendant benefits: indefinite retention of balances, savings, and the opportunity to build a credit history. In addition, they would have exact payments credited directly into their accounts without rounding-offs.","PeriodicalId":201859,"journal":{"name":"AgriSciRN: Dairy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127701712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}