Plant Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Xanthomonas species causing leaf blight on eucalypt plants in Brazil and transfer of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. eucalyptorum to Xanthomonas citri pv. eucalyptorum comb. nov.","authors":"Hélvio Gledson Maciel Ferraz, Jorge Luis Badel, Yane Fernandes Neves, Ana Carolina Lopes Eloi, Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal, Lúcio Mauro da Silva Guimarães, Acelino Couto Alfenas","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13844","url":null,"abstract":"Outbreaks of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) frequently affect eucalypt plants under nursery and field conditions in several countries. Although research has been conducted to unveil the causal agent, different bacterial species have been associated with similar disease symptoms in different countries. In order to determine the causal agent of BLB in Brazil, a survey was conducted in nine states to recover bacterial isolates from eucalypt plants exhibiting typical BLB symptoms. A total of 41 yellow-colony isolates with varying aggressiveness towards a susceptible eucalypt clone were obtained, with <i>16S rDNA</i> sequences indicating that they belong to the <i>Xanthomonas</i> genus. Rep-PCR analysis separated the <i>Xanthomonas</i> population affecting eucalypt into six distinct groups revealing its high genetic diversity. The same population formed three clusters together with reference strains of <i>X</i>. <i>citri</i>, <i>X</i>. <i>euvesicatoria</i> and <i>X</i>. <i>phaseoli</i> in a phylogenetic tree constructed with partial <i>dnaK</i>, <i>fyuA</i>, <i>gyrB</i> and <i>rpoD</i> gene sequences. Clustering in the phylogenetic tree was clearly related to grouping based on rep-PCR. Genome sequence comparisons of representative eucalypt isolates with type strains of validly published <i>Xanthomonas</i> species confirmed that the population consisted of <i>X</i>. <i>citri</i>, <i>X</i>. <i>euvesicatoria</i> and <i>X</i>. <i>phaseoli</i>. Inoculation of tomato, common bean, castor bean and eucalypt plants showed that the representative eucalypt isolates can cause disease in these plant species. Based on the results, the transfer of <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i> pv. <i>eucalyptorum</i> to <i>Xanthomonas citri</i> is proposed. These results are relevant for eucalypt BLB management under nursery and field conditions, including selection and deployment of effective plant resistance.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138715480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soybean and grapevine rusts accelerate the defoliation rates of host plants","authors":"Isabela Vescove Primiano, Lilian Amorim","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13841","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine leaf rust (GLR) and soybean rust (SBR), caused by <i>Neophysopella tropicalis</i> and <i>Phakopsora pachyrhizi</i>, respectively, may lead to early defoliation of the host, depending on disease severity level. The rate of defoliation is an important parameter in mechanistic models aimed at simulating yield loss, but such knowledge is not available for these rust diseases. This work aimed to (i) relate the temporal dynamics of GLR and SBR to defoliation; and (ii) estimate the relative rates of defoliation and model their relationship with rust severities. Grapevine and soybean plants were inoculated in the field at increasing concentrations of urediniospore suspensions of the respective causal agent. Control plots of the vineyard and the soybean field were protected with sequential fungicide sprays to evaluate natural defoliation. Rust severity (proportion of area affected) of each leaf or leaflet was evaluated every three or four days on 1323 grapevine leaves and 655 soybean leaflets, respectively. The relative rates of defoliation were estimated as the slope parameters of linear regression of the Napierian logarithm of the number of alive leaves or leaflets over time. Defoliation rates in grapevine and soybean incremented logarithmically with the increase of rust severity. Defoliation rates on symptomless grapevine and soybean leaves were 0.018 and 0.05 day⁻¹, respectively, while they averaged 0.033 day⁻¹ on diseased grapevine leaves (rust severity between 5% and 12%), and 0.12 day⁻¹ on diseased soybean leaflets (rust severity between 25% and 60%). Thus, a quantitative relationship was established between rust severity and defoliation on grapevine and soybean.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138560621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative omics analysis for novel target discovery in plant pathogens: A case study for Magnaporthe oryzae","authors":"Muhammad Luthfi, Jittra Piapukiew, Ras B. Pandey, Pornthep Sompornpisut","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13840","url":null,"abstract":"The central concern surrounding chemical pesticide application is its potential adverse effects on non-target organisms. For fungal pathogens, the search for specific targets has been complicated by the similarities in pathways shared between these pathogens and humans. We present a comprehensive strategy, integrating comparative omics and bioinformatics, to pinpoint precise targets for fungicides effective against the fungal pathogen <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>, responsible for rice blast disease. Our approach involves subtractive metabolic pathways, homology screening and target prioritization. Through subtractive metabolic analysis, we identified three unique <i>M</i>. <i>oryzae</i> pathways, distinct from human and rice. Nonredundant protein sequences were subsequently subjected to BLASTP screening against human and rice, as well as other databases from diverse organisms. Target subcellular localization was predicted using eight tools, including artificial intelligence and a deep-learning method. A comprehensive examination of biological processes was conducted, including gene expression, protein–protein interactions, network enrichment, broad-spectrum activity and physicochemical analysis. Glutamate 5-kinase emerged as the prime candidate for targeted fungicide development, promising progress in precision-oriented solutions.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138492792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotype and genotype characterization of Botrytis cinerea isolates from cut roses in Yunnan, China","authors":"Wenbin Yuan, Yanglin Han, Sisi Li, Ikram Ullah, Shuilian He, Zhao Zhang, Nan Ma, Junping Gao, Hongzhi Wu","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13837","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Botrytis cinerea</i> is considered to be the second most destructive fungal pathogen worldwide, causing severe pre- and postharvest losses in cut roses. However, to date, no systematic research on its characteristics in cut roses has been reported. In our study, a total of 100 isolates from cut roses from Yunnan, China, were analysed. A combination of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of <i>RPB2</i> revealed that 100 isolates were of the species <i>B</i>. <i>cinerea</i>. These isolates were pathogenic on unwounded detached rose petals. Pathogenicity was evaluated according to the size of petal spots and categorized into grades 0–5, from weak to strong. The inhibition rate varied greatly following the addition of procymidone (21.9%–100%) and cyprodinil (25.0%–92.3%). Analysis of <i>Bc-hch</i> sequences revealed all isolates belong to phylogenetic Group II. According to the presence or absence of transposable elements, 87, 5, 4 and 4 isolates were identified as <i>transposa</i>, <i>vacuma</i>, <i>Boty-</i>only and <i>Flipper-</i>only types, respectively. Detection of mating type indicated that all isolates were heterothallic with 45% belonging to <i>MAT1-1</i> and 55% to <i>MAT1-2</i>. Isolates were divided into four subpopulations when analysing single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the genomic level, with a significant difference in pathogenicity between subpopulations 1 and 4. The evolutionary tree indicated that isolates AN-02, AN-22 and SM-C18 were clustered in the root, suggesting an earlier evolutionary time than other isolates; moreover, they all exhibited low pathogenicity (grade 1). This systematic study of the characteristics of <i>B</i>. <i>cinerea</i> will provide significant support for grey mould control and further research.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138492835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather-based models for forecasting Fusarium head blight risks in wheat and barley: A review","authors":"Taurai T. Matengu, Paul R. Bullock, Manasah S. Mkhabela, Francis Zvomuya, Maria A. Henriquez, E. RoTimi Ojo, W. G. Dilantha Fernando","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13839","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most devastating crop diseases worldwide, significantly reducing the yield and quality of small-cereal crops such as wheat and barley when favourable weather conditions exist during anthesis. Additionally, FHB-associated mycotoxins significantly impact global food and feed safety. Controlling FHB with fungicides applied near anthesis reduces visual FHB symptoms and associated mycotoxin production, thereby lowering disease-related costs. However, when weather conditions are unfavourable for FHB occurrence, fungicide application can be costly and environmentally undesirable. Thus, fungicides should be used sparingly only when the pathogen is present and weather conditions are favourable. Modelling of FHB risk using weather data has grown rapidly in recent decades and plays an essential role in integrated crop disease management. In this review, several weather-based FHB models are selected and described in detail. The models were developed globally for assessing the real-time risk of FHB epidemics in various regions/countries. Most of these models are site-specific and predict FHB visual observations such as the incidence and severity of FHB, Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), and also deoxynivalenol (DON) levels. The review also highlights the limitations of these existing models, including their narrow applicability, low accuracy for high-risk contamination situations, and omissions of certain factors. Also discussed are potential avenues for improvement and enhanced predictive capabilities including consideration of additional disease risk factors as well as a broader range of varieties. These predictive models can assist producers, regulatory agencies, and industry to mitigate potential food and feed security and safety concerns.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138492790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and pathogenicity of Pratylenchus vandenbergae stat. nov. (Tylenchina: Pratylenchidae), a highly pathogenic root-lesion nematode parasitizing crops in Kenya and South Africa","authors":"Cecilia Wanjau, Rinus Knoetze, Chantelle Girgan, Njira Njira Pili, Gerhard Engelbrecht, Marjolein Couvreur, Wim Bert","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13836","url":null,"abstract":"A highly fecund root-lesion nematode parasitizing a variety of crops was discovered and found to be widespread in Kenya and South Africa. These populations were molecularly identical to <i>Pratylenchus teres teres</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>teres vandenbergae</i> based on D2-D3 of 28S rDNA and <i>Hsp90</i> sequences. However, based on morphological differences with the original description of <i>P</i>. <i>teres</i> and its different geographical distribution, <i>Pratylenchus vandenbergae</i> stat. nov., previously known as subspecies <i>P</i>. <i>teres vandenbergae</i>, is recognized as a separate species. This species is characterized by a slightly offset labial region with three annuli, <i>en face</i> morphology belonging to Group II, lateral field with four incisures with two outer bands areolated as observed under a light microscope and the inner band also partially areolated at the vulva region as observed in scanning electron microscopy view, a robust stylet (14–17 μm) with rounded knobs and subcylindrical tail with annulated tail tip. This important and common species remained largely under the radar, probably due to identifications based only on sequence similarity, including mislabelled <i>Pratylenchus bolivianus</i> sequences in GenBank. Pathogenicity of <i>P. vandenbergae</i> stat. nov. in finger millet roots was confirmed through acid fuchsin staining, and reproduction and pathogenicity tests in maize, soybean, sunflower and tomato plants demonstrated its capacity to affect crop growth. Life cycle comparison with <i>P</i>. <i>penetrans</i> in vitro showed a similar life cycle length but significantly higher fecundity. Finally, significant differences in pathogenicity and reproduction of <i>P. vandenbergae</i> stat. nov. were found both at genotype level (finger millet genotypes OKHALE-1 &amp; KNE1034) and crop level (maize, soybean, sunflower and tomato plants).","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"41 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rice resistance against Bipolaris oryzae infection is mediated by lower foliar potassium concentration","authors":"Leandro C. Silva, Andersom M. Einhardt, Verônica V. Brás, Lillian M. Oliveira, Joicy A. A. Chaves, Luiz F. C. C. Pinto, Fabrício A. Rodrigues","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13838","url":null,"abstract":"Brown spot, caused by <i>Bipolaris oryzae</i>, is a very important disease of rice. This study investigated the effect of potassium (K) on rice resistance to brown spot. The working hypothesis tested was that higher foliar K concentration could allow plants to respond more efficiently against fungal infection. Plants were grown in nutrient solution amended with three K rates (0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 mM) and noninoculated or inoculated with <i>B</i>. <i>oryzae</i>. The photosynthetic performance of plants, activities of defence and antioxidant enzymes and the concentrations of reactive oxygen species, phenolics and lignin were determined. Foliar K concentration was significantly higher by 38% and 91% for plants supplied with 1.0 and 2.5 mM K, respectively, compared to plants supplied with 0.5 mM K. Brown spot severity was significantly higher (≥20%) for plants supplied with 1.0 and 2.5 mM K than those supplied with 0.5 mM K (≤15%). Higher brown spot severity for plants supplied with 2.5 mM K resulted in changes in the photosynthetic apparatus, reduced chlorophyll <i>a</i> + <i>b</i> and carotenoids concentrations, and higher production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical. In contrast, higher activities of defence and antioxidant enzymes and more production of phenolics for plants supplied with 0.5 mM K helped them to cope with <i>B</i>. <i>oryzae</i> infection more efficiently. In conclusion, rice resistance against brown spot was achieved by keeping a lower foliar K concentration linked to more active defence reactions, a robust antioxidative system and less damage to the photosynthetic apparatus.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"41 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The length of the 3′ UTR of the tomato torrado virus (ToTV) RNA1 affects virus accumulation in Solanum lycopersicum during mechanical passages from plant to plant","authors":"Marta Budziszewska, Barbara Wrzesińska-Krupa, Przemysław Wieczorek, Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13834","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato torrado virus (ToTV), a member of the <i>Torradovirus</i> genus, primarily infects tomatoes. Previous analyses revealed high heterogeneity in the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of RNA1 of isolate ToTV-Kra. In addition to the full-length 3′ UTR RNA1 (a wild-type, wt), four truncated versions (var2, var3, var4 and var5) were identified. Here, we investigated the biological importance of this phenomenon by assessing whether such defective genomes are infectious individually, and how the length of the 3′ UTR influences disease symptoms, virus transmission and viral RNA accumulation. Using the ToTV_pJL-Kra infectious clone, we introduced deletions corresponding to the known RNA1 defective variants and examined their impact on ToTV virulence and sap transmission ability. Viral RNA accumulation was assessed in agroinfiltrated tomatoes, as well as during serial passages. We found that all defective genomes were infectious and the length of the 3′ UTR of RNA1 influenced viral RNA accumulation. Tomatoes agroinfiltrated with var2, var3 or var5 showed the highest copy numbers of genomic RNAs. However, during serial passages, ToTV_pJL-Kra-var1 and -var2 (six nucleotides shorter) showed limited sap transmission ability compared to the other variants, which persisted and replicated well in tomatoes. Plants treated with ToTV_pJL-Kra-var3, -var4 and a mixture of var1–var5 showed the highest viral RNA accumulation, which was not associated with increased symptom severity in comparison to the other variants. Additionally, we identified a further sequence insertion in the 3′ UTR of var3 RNA1. This insertion could have occurred spontaneously or as a result of virus adaptation to the mode of transmission.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"41 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race typing of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici using an improved differential set will accelerate genetic gains for stripe rust resistance in Canada","authors":"Vincent Fetterley, Randy Kutcher, Santosh Kumar, Harpinder Randhawa, Muhammad Iqbal, Gurcharn S. Brar","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13817","url":null,"abstract":"Differential sets used by plant pathologists for race typing experiments to compare stripe rust populations over space and time should be expanded to provide useful information to plant breeders.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"41 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-throughput analysis of high-resolution X-ray CT images of stems of olive and citrus plants resistant and susceptible to Xylella fastidiosa","authors":"Nancy C. Walker, Siul A. Ruiz, Talita R. Ferreira, Helvecio D. Coletta-Filho, James Le Houx, Daniel McKay Fletcher, Steven M. White, Tiina Roose","doi":"10.1111/ppa.13835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13835","url":null,"abstract":"The bacterial plant pathogen <i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> causes disease in several globally important crops. However, some cultivars harbour reduced bacterial loads and express few symptoms. Evidence considering plant species in isolation suggests xylem structure influences cultivar susceptibility to <i>X</i>. <i>fastidiosa</i>. We test this theory more broadly by analysing high-resolution synchrotron X-ray computed tomography of healthy and infected plant vasculature from two taxonomic groups containing susceptible and resistant varieties: two citrus cultivars (sweet orange cv. Pera, tangor cv. Murcott) and two olive cultivars (Koroneiki, Leccino). Results found the susceptible plants had more vessels than resistant ones, which could promote within-host pathogen spread. However, features associated with resistance were not shared by citrus and olive. While xylem vessels in resistant citrus stems had comparable diameters to those in susceptible plants, resistant olives had narrower vessels that could limit biofilm spread. And while differences among olive cultivars were not detected, results suggest greater vascular connectivity in resistant compared to susceptible citrus plants. We hypothesize that this provides alternate flow paths for sustaining hydraulic functionality under infection. In summary, this work elucidates different physiological resistance mechanisms between two taxonomic groups, while supporting the existence of an intertaxonomical metric that could speed up the identification of candidate-resistant plants.","PeriodicalId":20075,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology","volume":"41 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}