Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A最新文献_第4页

On the potential of pristine Cocos nucifera L. tissues for green desalination 原始椰树组织在绿色海水淡化中的潜力

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0145

A. Adelodun

{"title":"On the potential of pristine Cocos nucifera L. tissues for green desalination","authors":"A. Adelodun","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0145","url":null,"abstract":"Coconut palm tree (Cocos nucifera L.) tissues were used as a readily available, low-cost and green adsorbent to desalinate seawater. The tree bark (CB), husk (CH), leaves (CL) and roots (CR) were examined in their fresh (F) and dry (D) forms. The salinity removal (adsorption) efficiency followed the trend: F_CB ≈ F_CR > F_CL > D_CR > F_CL > D_CR. The sorbents from the coastal region desalinated more efficiently than those from a non-coastal region. Also, the fresh tissues were more effective and efficient than the dry parts. The salinity retention ability (desalination : desorption) follows the trend: F_CR (22.2) > F_CB (19.0) ≫ D_CR (12.3) > D_CB (11.0) > D_CL (6.14) ≈ F_CL (6.10) > F_CH (4.3) > D_CH (2.1). Moreover, the desalination fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetics than the pseudo-first-order, suggesting the predominance of chemisorption over physical removal. Overall, water pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen (DO) correlated positively and strongly with desalination. By contrast, the density and redox potential correlated negatively, whereas temperature and DO showed no definite influence. Conclusively, F_CR and F_CB are the most suitable coconut palm tree tissues for desalination. Future studies should include chemical characterization of the tissues and system optimization for upscaling. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Developing resilient energy systems’.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75251794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An assessment of the impact of 1.5 versus 2 and 2.5°C global temperature increase on flooding in Jamaica: a case study from the Hope watershed 评估全球气温上升1.5°C对牙买加洪水的影响:以Hope流域为例研究

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0141

A. Mandal, Tannecia S. Stephenson, Jayaka Campbell, Michael Taylor, Shavel Watson, L. Clarke, David Smith, Junior Darsan, Matthew D. Wilson

{"title":"An assessment of the impact of 1.5 versus 2 and 2.5°C global temperature increase on flooding in Jamaica: a case study from the Hope watershed","authors":"A. Mandal, Tannecia S. Stephenson, Jayaka Campbell, Michael Taylor, Shavel Watson, L. Clarke, David Smith, Junior Darsan, Matthew D. Wilson","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0141","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change models project that, within the Caribbean basin, rainfall intensity is likely to increase toward the end of this century, although the region is projected to be drier overall. This may affect the frequency and severity of floods in Jamaica and the Caribbean Small Island Developing States. We investigate how flood hazards may be affected by increases in global mean surface temperature of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5°C above pre-industrial levels using a case study of a Jamaican watershed. Rainfall projections from the PRECIS regional climate model for the Caribbean are analysed. Six members from the Quantifying Uncertainty in Model Predictions (AENWH, AEXSA, AEXSC, AEXSK, AEXSL and AEXSM) were used to create 100-year flood inundation maps for the Hope river for different global warming levels using hydrological and hydraulic models. Model runs projected peak discharges at 2.0, 2.5 and 1.5°C warming that were higher than discharges in the historical record of events that damaged sections of the watershed. Projections from the hydraulic model show increased flow area, depth and extent for 1.5 followed by 2.0 and 2.5°C rises in temperature. These results imply continued flood risk for the vulnerable areas of the watershed. This article is part of the theme issue 'Developing resilient energy systems'.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74383256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A Monte Carlo based approach to the resource assessment of Jamaica's geothermal energy potential 基于蒙特卡罗的牙买加地热能潜力资源评估方法

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0133

R. Koon Koon, S. Lewis, K. Mohammed-Koon Koon, A. Chen, Kalim U. Shah

{"title":"A Monte Carlo based approach to the resource assessment of Jamaica's geothermal energy potential","authors":"R. Koon Koon, S. Lewis, K. Mohammed-Koon Koon, A. Chen, Kalim U. Shah","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0133","url":null,"abstract":"The Eastern Caribbean chain of islands is commonly known to exhibit high-enthalpy systems for geothermal energy exploitation. The northernmost Caribbean Community member state of Jamaica possesses physical manifestations of 12 hot springs across the island. Previous investigations indicate that of the potential 12 hot springs, Bath, Windsor and Milk River springs have cogent geothermometry of their thermal fluids with estimated temperature ranges of (80–102°C), (128–156°C), and (158–206°C), respectively. The paper provides numerical findings for each geothermal system of interest and performs Monte Carlo simulations to optimize calculated findings. The determined quantitative findings are considered under the context of environmental savings and policy regime conditions for driving geothermal energy development. The three areas of interest are situated within the Rio Minho Basin, the Dry Harbour Mountains and the Blue Mountain South Basin. Through the consideration of a 25-year lifetime for production, a collective total of 94.81 MWe of geothermal power reserves can be absorbed into the national energy mix, displacing an estimated 0.38 million barrels of oil imports, resulting in approximately 0.44 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions being avoided per year. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Developing resilient energy systems’.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83724718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hydrogen and wood-burning stoves 氢和燃木炉

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0139

A. Palacios, D. Bradley

{"title":"Hydrogen and wood-burning stoves","authors":"A. Palacios, D. Bradley","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0139","url":null,"abstract":"Wood-burning stoves, in Kenya and Mexico, are reviewed. With a Kenyan stove, burning charcoal, only 24% of the energy released reached the cooking pot. Initially, the proportion of CO in the leaving gases was 3%. Indoor concentrations of particulate matter (less than 2.5 µm diameter) can be abnormally high near a stove. Decarbonization, by using H2, is facilitated by a distribution system. Replacement by H2 would ultimately rest upon wind or water power, or it being a by-product in the production of heavier hydrocarbons from CH4. The averaged burning rate in the Kenyan stove was 10 kW, over 20 min, with an initial peak value of about 30 kW. A possible replacement is a hob, composed of an array of small diameter H2 jet flames. As an example, combustion of a 2 mm internal diameter H2 jet flame, with a H2 exit velocity of 27.2 m s−1, would release 0.84 kW. Bearing in mind its improved efficiency, a single compact hob with an array of about 10 jets would suffice. A difficulty is the low mass-specific energy of H2. H2 has a high acoustic velocity, and both high velocity subsonic combustion and blending with natural gas are briefly discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Developing resilient energy systems’.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81146872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Policy and political perceptions of risk: the challenges to building resilient energy systems 风险的政策和政治观念:建设弹性能源系统的挑战

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0146

P. Gluckman, Anne Bardsley

引用次数: 0

Sea-level rise, coastal salinity and vegetation changes in Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡的海平面上升、海岸盐度和植被变化

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0142

T. Mathiventhan, D. Gorman, T. Jayasingam

{"title":"Sea-level rise, coastal salinity and vegetation changes in Sri Lanka","authors":"T. Mathiventhan, D. Gorman, T. Jayasingam","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0142","url":null,"abstract":"Sea-level rise is a key component of many climate change scenarios. Such increases are expected to cause greater coastal inundation by seawater, reduce the depth of the freshwater-saline water lens and have a range of consequences for coastal ecosystems. Soil salinity determines the distribution patterns of coastal vegetation across a sea-to-land gradient, and sea-level rise would be expected to alter these distributions. Our study done along the east coast of Sri Lanka shows that soil salinity decreases predictably from sea to land, varying between 21‰ and 30‰ over a distance of 50 m from the mean high water springs level. Soil salinity also showed declines with increasing soil depth (0, 10, 50 cm) although this was marginally non-significant. The emergence of terrestrial vegetation coincided with a cross-shore ecotone where the soil salinity approached 0‰. Our predictions suggest that if the mean sea-level were to increase by 1 m in the Batticaloa region (Sri Lanka), this would cause landward communities to be inundated with brackish water at various depths. The present permanent coastal vegetation front would likely shift landward by 30–45 m under scenarios involving a 1 m increase in sea level. Sea-level rise and its consequences could result in a variety of changes to coastal vegetation such as altered physiognomy and diversity, colonization of new territory, expansion of salt-tolerant species such as mangroves and saltmarsh and will therefore greatly influence adaptive management and future planning. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Developing resilient energy systems’.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"380 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87522218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Virtual walks inspired by a mean-field kinetic exchange model of opinion dynamics 虚拟散步的灵感来自于平均场动态交换模型的意见动态

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0168

S. Saha, P. Sen

{"title":"Virtual walks inspired by a mean-field kinetic exchange model of opinion dynamics","authors":"S. Saha, P. Sen","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0168","url":null,"abstract":"We propose two different schemes of realizing a virtual walk corresponding to a kinetic exchange model of opinion dynamics. The walks are either Markovian or non-Markovian in nature. The opinion dynamics model is characterized by a parameter p which drives an order disorder transition at a critical value pc. The distribution S(X,t) of the displacements X from the origin of the walkers is computed at different times. Below pc, two time scales associated with a crossover behaviour in time are detected, which diverge in a power law manner at criticality with different exponent values. S(X,t) also carries the signature of the phase transition as it changes its form at pc. The walks show the features of a biased random walk below pc, and above pc, the walks are like unbiased random walks. The bias vanishes in a power law manner at pc and the width of the resulting Gaussian function shows a discontinuity. Some of the features of the walks are argued to be comparable to the critical quantities associated with the mean-field Ising model, to which class the opinion dynamics model belongs. The results for the Markovian and non-Markovian walks are almost identical which is justified by considering the different fluxes. We compare the present results with some earlier similar studies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Kinetic exchange models of societies and economies’.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80680473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Reformulating scalar–tensor field theories as scalar–scalar field theories using a novel geometry 利用一种新的几何结构将标量张量场理论重新表述为标量场理论

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0183

G. W. Horndeski

{"title":"Reformulating scalar–tensor field theories as scalar–scalar field theories using a novel geometry","authors":"G. W. Horndeski","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0183","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I shall show how the notions of Finsler geometry can be used to construct a similar geometry using a scalar field, f, on the cotangent bundle of a differentiable manifold M. This will enable me to use the second vertical derivatives of f, along with the differential of a scalar field ϕ on M, to construct a Lorentzian metric on M that depends upon ϕ. I refer to a field theory based upon a manifold with such a Lorentzian structure as a scalar–scalar field theory. We shall study such a theory when f is chosen so that the resultant metric on M has the form of a Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, and the Lagrangian has a particularly simple form. It will be shown that the scalar–scalar theory determined by the Lagrangian can generate self-inflating universes, which can be pieced together to form multiverses with non-Hausdorff topologies, in which the global time function multifurcates at t = 0. Some of the universes in these multiverses begin explosively, and then settle down to a period of much quieter accelerated expansion, which can be followed by a collapse to its original, pre-expansion state. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The future of mathematical cosmology, Volume 1’.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82646961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Self-similarity in turbulence and its applications 湍流中的自相似性及其应用

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0048

K. Ohkitani

{"title":"Self-similarity in turbulence and its applications","authors":"K. Ohkitani","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0048","url":null,"abstract":"First, we discuss the non-Gaussian type of self-similar solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations. We revisit a class of self-similar solutions which was studied in Canonne et al. (1996 Commun. Partial. Differ. Equ. 21, 179–193). In order to shed some light on it, we study self-similar solutions to the one-dimensional Burgers equation in detail, completing the most general form of similarity profiles that it can possibly possess. In particular, on top of the well-known source-type solution, we identify a kink-type solution. It is represented by one of the confluent hypergeometric functions, viz. Kummer’s function M. For the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, on top of the celebrated Burgers vortex, we derive yet another solution to the associated Fokker–Planck equation. This can be regarded as a ‘conjugate’ to the Burgers vortex, just like the kink-type solution above. Some asymptotic properties of this kind of solution have been worked out. Implications for the three-dimensional (3D) Navier–Stokes equations are suggested. Second, we address an application of self-similar solutions to explore more general kind of solutions. In particular, based on the source-type self-similar solution to the 3D Navier–Stokes equations, we consider what we could tell about more general solutions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics (part 2)’.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87668658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Systematic search for extreme and singular behaviour in some fundamental models of fluid mechanics 在流体力学的一些基本模型中对极端和奇异行为的系统研究

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0035

B. Protas

{"title":"Systematic search for extreme and singular behaviour in some fundamental models of fluid mechanics","authors":"B. Protas","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0035","url":null,"abstract":"This review article offers a survey of the research program focused on a systematic computational search for extreme and potentially singular behaviour in hydrodynamic models motivated by open questions concerning the possibility of a finite-time blow-up in the solutions of the Navier–Stokes system. Inspired by the seminal work of Lu & Doering (2008 Ind. Univ. Math. 57, 2693–2727), we sought such extreme behaviour by solving PDE optimization problems with objective functionals chosen based on certain conditional regularity results and a priori estimates available for different models. No evidence for singularity formation was found in extreme Navier–Stokes flows constructed in this manner in three dimensions. We also discuss the results obtained for one-dimensional Burgers and two-dimensional Navier–Stokes systems, and while singularities are ruled out in these flows, the results presented provide interesting insights about sharpness of different energy-type estimates known for these systems. Connections to other bounding techniques are also briefly discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics (part 1)’.","PeriodicalId":20020,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89393864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6